Directions Of Human Destiny And History

Not being the original conception of Marxist, Marx’s Human Liberation Theorystems from the profound western cultures and represents the voice of history, whichis also the “logical inheritance” from the religious liberation to the politicalemancipation. As a westerner, Marx’s thoughts were inevitably influenced by thewestern culture. Therefore, when the theory was first brought up, it was full of thecolor of its cultural background.Socrates, the ancient Greek philosopher, proposed the famous philosophicalstatement “Know Yourself” in the5th century B.C., which paved the way forhuman’s freedom and liberation. With time going by, bourgeoisie thinkers madegreat efforts to demonstrate freedom, equality and human rights sufficiently afterreformation in religions, renaissance and enlightenment, which is regarded as adevelopment in the human history, and a significant cause as well. At the same time,Contract Theory, the modern nations’ theory, was formed on the basis of the thoughtsof bourgeois freedom, equality and human rights. Established on Contract Theory,such democratic thoughts as freedom, equality and human rights are the foundationof modern western capitalist nations. When freedom, equality and human rightscame true, however, people gradually discovered that the so-called ideal society thatcapitalists have been pursuing is still an unequal society.If there is no liberation, there is no persistent pursuit for liberation. Therefore,Marx profoundly analyzed various malpractices that capitalist society has beenexposed to and began to think how to realize the interpersonal equality from the“equality of all people under law” in form to the equality in reality, that is, the emancipation of the whole human beings. Marx criticized the idea that the values ofcapitalist are freedom and equality. His criticism pointed to social relations incapitalist society. Marx’s social ideality aimed at changing such social relations torealize the real freedom and equality. With the gradual exploration of the future ofhuman beings, Marx established and firmed the value of communist, and constructedhis Human Liberation Theory, which was an inevitable choice when capitalistsociety stepped into the human history, and which was a solution to the issues of era.This thesis is divided into five parts:The first part introduces the origin of emancipation. In the history of humanthoughts, many philosophers put forth some thoughts involved in human futuresociety, whose center is about how human beings get rid of chains, gain freedom,and realize emancipation at last. This thesis begins with the period of enlightenmentof human freedom in ancient Greek. In this period, freedom was presented from theform of morality in ancient Greek to the one defended by God in Middle Ages, andduring which, human fulfilled primary enlightenment of freedom. In modernpolitical philosophy, there are two basic theoretical assumptions: one is ContractTheory, the criterion standardizing political life; the other is Marketing Theory, thecriterion of liberalism’s expansion from political life into economic field. Theessence of western liberalism’s freedom is to establish the freedom on the basis ofmen’s natural rights and the law of nature. Rights are accompanied with freedom,and regardless of pursue or limitation of rights, dilemma of freedom will be theending. Therefore, the liberalists in each nation begin to criticize the early liberationtheory, and on this basis, the liberation theory is rebuilt.The second part attaches importance to the fact that Marx sproutedEmancipation Theory and criticized on previous theories. Young Marx wasprofoundly influenced by the thoughts of ancient Greek and Rome, by the Christianthoughts and Romanticism that sprang up at the end of the18thcentury, which werefundamentally belonged to the mainstream tradition of European political and socialtheory. However, when Marx put himself into the real life, he found the contradiction between the philosophical belief and the reality. It is an inevitable result of Marxismto develop from a Hegelian into a critic of Hegel philosophy. Marx recognized thatcivil society plays a decisive role in one nation. With the gradual development ofresearch, Marx realized that simply political criticism was far from enough. In orderto criticize the civil society thoroughly, Marx gradually moved forward step by stepto the political economy criticism. This conversion is the logical necessity of thedevelopment of Marxism. In the political economy criticism, Marx realized thephilosophical revolution.The third part bears on Marx’s Emancipation Theory in details. Marx’sdemonstration of emancipation is not merely a theoretical logic requirement, but areal road for liberation. Based on the point of historical materialism, emancipationbecame an objective historical activity that would change the living condition. Thisprocess must be realized in the scientific criticism of capitalism production process.Considering the reality and on the basis of “real man” which is the first premise toinvestigate the human history, Marx systematically interpreted his conception ofhistory. The Marx’s Emancipation Theory includes dimensionality both rational andpractical. He surveyed human’s real life from historical methods, and promoted therationalization of social relations by criticizing the reality. However, the ultimate aimof what he has done is to realize the real liberation of human, that is, human’s freeand comprehensive development.The fourth part discusses the current inspection and challenge of Marx’sEmancipation Theory. At present, there are numerous crashes of different ideologies.Western scholars begin to inspect, criticize, reconstruct and deconstruct Marx’sEmancipation Theory in succession. Such western liberal thinkers as Hayek andRawls interpreted Egalitarianism in order to find the solid moral basis ofconsolidation and development for the current democratic society. However, inMarx’s opinion, freedom and equality are the basic theoretical point to criticize andcollapse capitalism. Western Marxist revised the dominant political theories ofMarxism, reanalyzed and evaluated modern capitalism, and newly imagined the aims and ways of revolution. Through criticizing western capitalism, on the one hand,they expanded the traditional Marxism problem domain; on the other hand, theyprovided for us some new views and theoretical sources to investigate thecapitalism’s direction.The fifth part analyzes the contemporary issues of Marx’s Emancipation Theorycombining the Chinese reality. Marx’s Emancipation Theory is an ideal for human toachieve the social progress and development, while the socialism with Chinesecharacteristics is the real path to achieve this idea. In the process of specific practicein China, the intermediary from the ideal into the reality can be materialized as “seektruth from facts” and the opening up and reform. Faced with the new changes ofsocial structure of the capitalist nations, China, as a socialist nation, has to adaptitself to the world and seek for its individual development. Science development isregarded as the guideline of the society with Chinese characteristics, and fairness andjustice is the intrinsic requirement of the society with Chinese characteristics. WithMarx’s Emancipation Theory taken as the value idea, the society with Chinesecharacteristics will play a significant role in China’s development, socialismdevelopment in the world and even the all human beings’ social future.