| China has a long civilization."Astronomic observation and time service" are derived from the remote antiquity, which built the basement of earlier humanistic system, including abundant cultural genes. The ideas of astronomy, as the basis of the thoughts of humanism in ancient China, almost accompanied with the growth and development of the whole Chinese civilization. Under the effect of the philosophy of Yin-yang and five elements, it closely combined with the observation about the physical characteristics and regularity of changes on this space and time of the universe. From astronomy to geography, passed-by different seasons, coming and going within the empty, converging three powers(or called "Sancai"--the heaven, the earth and human), it was such a ideological system that not only surely influenced the establishment of the ancient humanism system, but also built the base of all theories of man and universe in ancient China. Supplied and got rich through successive dynasties, ancient astronomy included theories of Yin-yang&Law of Temperament&Calendar, rejected the three universality-oriented principles&the five elements, the Tao of three powers, the correspondence between man and universe,etc. As the essence of the ancient Chinese culture, it affected the social system of imitating the normal climate changes, the humanistic system of respecting the heaven and serving people, the state system of following time and respecting the proprieties.Astronomic Phenomena&Year and Seasons are two categories of the ancient astrology."Astronomic phenomena" focus on the space, generally refer to the shape of the universe, matters in the space, and natural phenomena in the heaven."Year and seasons" represents the creation of the conception of time and the circumferential of the seasons, those make up of the big circumstances of space-time for survival. In the Song Dynasty, under the developed research of man and universe, it had a strong awareness of time and space for the Song scholars. They thought rationally to the evolvement of universe and relation between man and universe, exploring and designing boldly to the form and principles of the universe."To observe changes of time from astronomy, and moralize the world by humanity", Fu on Astronomic Phenomena&Year and Seasons were abstruse and elegant. They were written on the basis of the traditionally astronomic ideas, combined with the study of Confucian classics, and as a result of the academic research in the Song Dynasty. In many aspects, such as relation between the universe and human society, influence between natural vicissitudes and state’s fate, life experience from temporal and spatial variation, Song Fu thought deeply, manifested lively, and had high value of ideology and artistry. Synchronously, also affected deeply by nature, society, history, politics, ideology and culture, custom and rhetoric of the styles of Fu, they showed the academic characters and humanistic style of Song Dynasty. Seen from the reserved works, Fu on Astronomic Phenomena focused on discussion of form of the universe, structure of the space, the celestial bodies and astronomic image, meteorological phenomena and climate, the astronomical instruments, etc. Fu on Year and Seasons depicted astronomy&temperament (means detecting seasonal Chi by12pitch pipes) and calendar, changes of seasons, solar terms and law of months, etc.Given above, the thesis is different from the general literacy research, by focusing on the operation of culture and the ability of philosophy that behind the literary phenomena. By treating ideas of space and time as longitude, treating the organic relation between astronomy and humane as latitude, and interspersing the academic research in the Song Dynasty, analyzed comprehensively by literature, history and philosophy, the thoughts and content of the Fu on Astronomic Phenomena&Year and Seasons was showed. The thesis has6parts totally:The first chapter discusses the ideas of astronomic phenomena and the Fu on Astronomic Phenomena in the Song Dynasty, emphasizing on the sense of space and astronomic phenomena in traditional philosophy and Song Fu. It was interpreted uniquely for the origin of the universe and the form of space by ancient Chinese. Ideational characteristic of the universe, as complete, self-contained, orderly and closed, etc. laid a solid foundation for recognizing the celestial bodies’and stars’image, meteorology, and correspondence between man and universe. The character of academy in the Song Dynasty had great advantageous to construct new ideas of heaven and earth. Its spirits, like the research on nature, the research on image-numbers, and the research between activity and inertia, prominently affected the theoretical view of the universe of Song people, making association of abstractness and iconicity unprecedentedly. Resort to the Prearranged Yi-ology, the Neo-Confucians in the Song Dynasty depicted the form of universe theoretically and proved it by Yi-ology, advanced comparatively systematic hypotheses. The creation of the Fu on Heaven and Fu on Celestial Bodies, inherited the traditional ideas of astronomic phenomena, and put forward some original ideas combined with characteristics of thoughts in the Song Dynasty as well. Some academic topics were used to special discussion. It was often given the academic proving process, which caused an important breakthrough to the traditional Fu on astronomic phenomena.The second chapter discusses the theories of correspondence between man and universe, and the meteorology Fu in the Song Dynasty. In this chapter, it is focused on the discussion of the relation between theories of correspondence between man and universe and the Fu on Auspicious Signs or Calamitous Changes-among which, the numbers of the meteorology Fu occupied a considerable proportion. In the Song Dynasty, theories of correspondence between man and universe experienced shocks from many sides, however, because of the particularly political influence, under the developed study of human and universe, the theories was also respected and strengthened. Under supplication and provocation by the academic research in the Song Dynasty, it presented five basic forms. Affected by theories of correspondence between man and universe, Fu on Auspicious Signs or Calamitous Changes had a broad view, subtle theory, plentiful content and diverse forms, getting high achievement both in thoughts and in art. The Great Heat Fu, written by Cui Dunli, was just a model of expressing political ideas learned from Hong Fan. However, ideas of the correspondence between man and universe can’t explain the Fu on meteorology completely. As a part of the astronomical phenomena, matters of meteorology are much closer to daily lives, that gave a very good method for Song scholars to develop rationalism and research up and down. Therefore, followed with breaking the limitation of the natural space, Fu in the Song Dynasty carried out an exploration in hyperspace, showing a high value of artistic quality.The third chapter demonstrates the ideas of time and Fu on Year&Seasons in the Song Dynasty. In ancient China, the "Shi" was not equal to now so-called "Shijian"(time), which showed the emphasis on the change of seasons for ancient Chinese, with a close relation to records activities by calendar. Viewed from the ideas of Yin-yang and five elements, ancient Chinese hold abstrusely about movement of universe and changes of time&space, forming ideas of time in which the time matched with azimuth, and the rules of etiquette accommodated with running of the celestial bodies. Under such filled-with-philosophic-meaning experiences of time&space, time had characteristics of virtuality, going backwards, curved shape and having different layers. It restricted the law of making calendar powerfully, and effected views of social and historical development deeply in ancient China. Song scholars concerned the circumfluence and change of all things, having strong sense of time&space, they often speculated the changes and motions of space-time, the discipline of social development, even the fate and the individual, by methods of Gua-qi, five elements and image-numberology. That enlightened greatly and push forward actively the Fu on Year&Seasons. These Fu had a more diverse discussion on time, under the combination with academy, lives and religion. One of the most famous Fu in history, The Autumn Sound Fu, was just the vivid portrayal for Yi-ology thoughts of Ouyang Xiu, could be rated as the masterpiece of deducing ideas of man and universe. What’s more, the "law of month", which could best embody the characteristic of the ideas of time in ancient China, was adequately utilized and brought into Full play in the Fu on climate and festivals in the Song Dynasty.The fourth chapter debates the study of the Fu on Law of temperament&Calendar in the Song Dynasty. The law of temperament and calendar originated from the ancient times, they took a special cultural position, played an important role of humanistic constitution in ancient China. Among them, some of the primary themes of mathematical laws opened sources of discussion to the later generation. The study of law of temperament and calendar received a high regard in the Song Dynasty, with the background of a over-100-years-long hot debate on the state’s level, highly developed manufacture in astronomic instrument, and the zest of calendar of Neo-Confucians, Fu on Law of temperament&Calendar were written by celebrated scholars, to illustrate their academic opinions by absorbing spirits of law of temperament, calendar, image-numberology and the burgeoning Neo-Confucianism. It made up for the shortage of the historic data in study of law of temperament and calendar in the Song Dynasty, embodied different humanistic ideas from the Tang Dynasty, and have a tremendous academic value and cultural contents.The fifth chapter focuses on discussing the Fu about the Neo-Confucianism and theory of heart. Given that some of the relative Fu were discussed in other chapters, in this chapter, it was just discussed the three Fu which should be emphasized for their high academic value, but they did not. They are:Sweltering Summer Fu, written by Liu Zihui, the tutor of Zhu Xi. Fu of Feeling the Spring, written by Zhu Xi. the Moon Fu, written by Yang Jian, the great disciple of Lu Jiuyuan. Sweltering Summer Fu was the important research results of Gua-qi in Prearranged Yi-ology for Liu Zihui, which can make up for the blank of historical data on studies for his earlier thoughts. Fu of Feeling the Spring, revealed the thoughtful process and academic orientation before writing The Enlightenment of Zhou Yi and The Original Implication of Zhou Yi. It played the guiding role in Yi-ology of Zhu Xi, also could be seen as the essential portrayal of his Confucian spirits. The Moon Fu was the represent of theory of Heart for Yang Jian. It put forward many philosophic topics but self-resolved later, smelting theories of Heart and Yi-ology of Yang Jian into one, indicating the breakthrough and the improving of Yangjian when compared with Lu Jiuyuan in the Study of Heart. All of them, exactly reflected the academic spirits and the ideological plane of Yang Jian.The sixth chapter debates philosophy criticism and thoughts of life in the Fu on Astronomic Phenomena&Year and Seasons in the Song Dynasty. The ideas of space-time under the theories of Yin-yang and five elements were recorded in the classics, learned and studied by generations. They were treated with awe, as the guideline of society, permeated in every side in the culture. Of course they were extensive and profound, however, in fact, they still had many limitations. Viewed from the deep survey of man and universe, from the profound space-time, many authors expressed their solemn criticism about the culture, politics, society, history by Fu on Astronomic Phenomena&Year and Seasons. How to break the limitation of space-time layer upon layer, to run to the more noble, clear, free, and dignified state, were the topics discussed by many Fu on Astronomic Phenomena&Year and Seasons in the Song Dynasty, which indicated different thought and attitudes about the lives, brought inexhaustible enlightenment to the people. At last, the thesis end up with the analysis of the aesthetic characteristics of these Fu, which presented beauty with morality, ration, depth, swaying, or unusually dazzling conditions, showing their super skill of the artistic expression. |
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