Research On Regional Evolution And Historical Course Of National Governance Of Ethnic Minority Area In The Borderland In Southeast Yunnan Of Qing Dynasty

"National governance" is the theoretical and practical hot issue in current academic circles. At the end of 2013, Chairman Xi Jinping gave a keynote speech, to give important interpretation on the meaning of "national governance". Soon afterwards, this research is paid vast attention by many scholars in fields of political science and administration science.Proceeding from view of history, this article makes the point that the national governance in nowadays comes down in one continuous line with historical periods, and there is internal logical relationship between "governance" and "administration", with the meanings of the revolution governance of the country and the administration of the country, which is the construction of management system and the implementation of policies and guidelines after the revolution governance by the country. Therefore, this article selects the special area of ethnic minority area in the borderland of southeast Yunnan in Qing Dynasty as the research object. By taking the research method of historical geography as the means, this article discusses on the courses of national governance in southeast Yunnan region from three points of view:establishment of administrative division, construction of borderland military defense system and management system of grass-rooted society. The three aspects supplement each other and go forward one after one by layers. Firstly, after the bureaucratization of native officers, the country conducts the setting for administrative division, to copy the inland city pattern to construct cities and public utilities such as schools, granary and charitable court, which is the sign for the entering of national executive power; secondly, in order to ensure the normal operation of daily administrative institutions and the stability of the society of borderland minority, the green camp, one of the national standing armies of Qing Dynasty, garrisons officially, and flood protections, pools, barriers and ligatures are set at traffic nodes, to form tight military deployment network; thirdly, in consideration of the complexity of natural and cultural environments in ethnic minority in the borderland, on one hand, the government of Qing Dynasty transplants and simulates the inland grass-rooted social management system in this region; on the other hand, it appropriately retain part of the social structure of the ethnic minority, to form co-governance by combination with inland grass-rooted organization, and gradually develop agriculture and exploit mineral resources, which is the embodiment of national governance capacity; besides, local government strives for the development of cultural education and public utilities, to strengthen the sense of national identity of local people; last but not least, when facing with the invasion of French colonists during late Qing Dynasty, especially in boundary related disputes, the central government and the provincial magnates fight for every inch of land, which embodies their strong sense of responsibility in maintaining the integrity of national territory.In general, this paper based on the area of southeast Yunnan in the Qing dynasty to study the setting of administrative divisions, the construction of frontier military defense system, system of social management at the primary level. Although each of these has different emphasis, it mainly discuss the process of state in frontier minority areas of governance from administrative, military and social points, and it will point out that the Qing dynasty government completing the national construction and frontier governance is through the "zhiluan" (forcing pacified and unity)-"lizheng" (restoring national social order)-the "shanhou" (comprehensive construction of frontier system governing revolution)-"yitihua" and other several stages. This paper is going to study through the gai-tu-gui-liu policy after the frontier fortification movement and the frontier city of internal structure characteristics, it will discuss the governance institution in the frontier minority areas of evolution of the geographical features and historical process. The ultimate goal of state governance is to continuously melt border differences with the mainland, to achieve the integration, thus to build a more stable and prosperous society.