The Changes In The Administration Of Officials In Yunnan In The Process Of Integration Of The Frontier And Inland: 1726-1799

After Nanzhao and Dali separatist regimes,Yunnan,as the southwest frontier,entered the period of the “great unification” rule of the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties,and the process of integration between the frontier and the mainland gradually advanced.Since the eighteenth century,the Qing Empire entered a period of prosperity.In the writings of historians,this period was often referred to as the "KangQian prosperity." In this period,the economic,political,and cultural development reached the highest peak of traditional Chinese society;at the same time,it was also the time point for the transition from classical Eastern civilization to modern civilization.In this stage,the rulers of the Qing Empire carried out large-scale developments in Yunnan,which led to profound changes in the local system and culture and promoted the development of local society.In this historical process,the bureaucratic system centered on the officials of the supervision and control officials has achieved unprecedented development and improvement,and has become the main symbol of the promotion of major unification politics in the southwest frontier,and it has had a wide and profound impact on the economic and social frontier.At the same time,the deepening of the integration of Yunnan and the mainland has also triggered a series of local governance issues,the official corruption has become increasingly rampant,and there have been a number of high-ranking corruption cases indirectly in the Qianlong period.Based on such historical conditions and characteristics,our study of Yunnan Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns became the key to understanding the new problems and conflicts in the process of southwestern border integration and helped to promote the development of the study of the history of southwestern borders.At the same time,under the academic background of the lack of due attention and research on this issue in the academic community,the study of Yunnan Yongzhi during the Yongzheng and Qianlong Periods was also of positive significance for promoting the overall development of the history of China's political system and the history of the administration of the government in the Qing Dynasty.Of course,since the party's "eighteenth party",in the context of our country's efforts to combat corruption,the study of this issue will help us understand the causes and effects of corruption and provide useful lessons for the construction of a clean go vernment.At present,academic research on Cai Yurong,Ertai,Yin Jishan,Zhang Yunsui,Chen Hongmou and other senior officials in Yunnan during the Qing Dynasty mainly focused on the discussion of their political achievements,but the discussion on corruption and officials' governance was weak.Only Jiang Shan,Ma Yahui,Li Xiaoquan,and other scholars conducted case studies on corruption cases by officials such as Qian Du and Li Shiyao.In the study of the achievements of the Qing government and the punishment of corruption,the complicated political situation and corruption in the process of integration in the distant Yunnan border areas were not noticed.In view of this,this article is based on the Qing Dynasty's strengthening of the rule in Yunnan,the replacement of local officials and other political integration and the reform of the frontier,to observe the case of corruption in the Yongzheng and Qianlong Periods,and to give a detailed account of the history of the corruption in the province during the last century.Finally,it discusses the history and causes of the corruption of Yunnan's government from being honest to being destroyed.This paper is divided into two parts.The first part consists of the first three chapters.It discusses issues such as the historical background of Yunnan,the role and influence of the reform of change the local officials to government officials in the Yongzheng Qianlong Period on Yunnan,and the reigning ideas of Yongzheng and Qianlong.The second part consists of the last four chapters,which in turn describes and discusses five cases of corruption in Yunnan during the period from 1750 to 1780.Through the above efforts,this paper has formed the following new understanding.First of all,the reform of change the local officials to government officials in the Yongzheng period was an important point in the integration process between Yunnan and the mainland in the early Qing Dynasty.As a symbol of this,the Yunnan region began to undergo a major political and cultural change.Yunnan is no longer a borderline province with a politically marginal status,but is gradually transformed into a mainland-style province with a high degree of integration.Second,while political integration has brought rapid development opportunities to Yunnan,it has also had many impacts on local social culture and official results.With the development of the monarchy in the middle and late period of Emperor Qianlong,the culture of corruption permeated every corner of officialdom in Yunnan.Since the Yongzheng period,the official culture of good governance has gradually disappeared and replaced with the extravagant and corrupt style which has led to several major corruption cases in Yunnan in a short period of 30 years and eventually led to a long and profound social decline in Jiaqing.