A Study The Cognitive Envolution Of Yunan's Non-Han Ethnic Groups In Ming And Qing Dyna Sties And The Governance Of China's Southwester N Frontier Areas

Historically,China has been a multi-ethnic country made by a variety of ethnic groups who have localized in their home nations for generations,thus,it is of great significance to undertake national governance to the multiple ethnic background nationals,and to improve the understanding of the nationals is the prerequisite and basis of effective governance.The paper aims to study how the cognition and understanding of Non-Han nationals becomes the basis of China's governance to its Southwestern Frontier Areas through exploring the intellectuals' and bureaucratic officials' cognition to the Non-Han nationals in Ming and Qing Dynasties.This paper further study how the variation of official governance to the frontier areas affect people's understanding of non-Han nationals in the areas,likewise,thus trying to analyze the roles of cognition of different ethnic groups in national building.A large number of Han people migrated to Yunnan in Ming Dynasty and the improvement and suppression of hereditary headmen system in Yunna coexisted,which characterized as the two crucial factors of understanding Ming Dynasty's court cognition of Non-Han nationals in Yunnan and its frontier governance.There also existed a variety of cognitive differences recorded in the topographies,among which Topography of Yunnan Graphic and Scripture in Jingtai era discovers the cognitive differences of various Non-Han groups in Yunnan,which later Topography in Zhengde era inherits.Later on,General Topography-Jimi part and A Survey of Dian-Brief Account of Ethnics in Wanli era are two breakthroughs of topographic history.In Ming Dynasty,the conclusive Topography of Dian in Tianqi era adopted a new narrative to record the cognition of nationals in Yunnan.Peasants collected a variety of cognition information to non Han nationals.Thus,public cognition of Non-Han nationals in Yunnan in Ming Dynasty has experienced a progressive,plentiful and territory extended process,and the cognition emphasizes the factors such as the terms of ethnic names,demographics,appearances characteristics,fashion,food,and inhabitancy.The methods of Official governance to Non-Han nationals in Yunnan in Ming Dynasty are unscrambled.One method is to improve the awareness of the non-Han nationals in Han districts,the other is to get to know the ethnic groups inhabiting around the frontier areas.The two methods is characterized as deepening and widening the awareness of non-Han nationals from Han inhabitants areas to frontier areas in a comprehensive way and the various perspective of observing the non-Han nationals in Yunnan uncovers the court's difference in dealing with non-Han nationals in Han and Ethnic districts.Yunnan General Topography in Kiangxi's reign is a reflection of Chinese court's cognition of non-Han nationals during the beginning of Qing Dynasty.Yunnan General Topography.Peasants in Kangxi era is a traditional inheritance of Topography of Yunnan in Tianqi era,reflecting the progressive transformation of public's cognition of non-Han nationals in Yunnan during the beginning of Qing and the end of Ming Dynasty.Based on which,Cai Yirong and Liu Bing further noted that the knowledge of non-Han nationals of Yunnan has entered the stage of problem solving of ethnic groups.When it comes to Yongzheng reign,the national policy of land reform is the most significant measures of Chinese court's official governance of southwestern frontier areas in midst Qing Dynasty.While the land reform has achieved different outcomes in Yunnan's northeastern and southwestern areas respectively,it reflected of how the differences in cognition and governance of China's southwestern frontier areas affect the effectiveness of the policies.Land reform in this era obviously is based on the previous knowledge of non-Han in Yunnan and has exerted significant influence to the later knowledge of ethnic groups,as the interactive relationship between cognition to non-Han national in Yunnan and its effective in governance can be seen from Yunnan General Topography.Peasants in Yongzheng's reign.During Qianlong's reign,A Graphic of Royal Qing's Official Appointment Distribution was published and distinguished different schools of ethnic groups.The graphic described Yunnan's non-Han nationals' livelihood,taxation and tribute situation,which illustrated that Chinese court's cognition of non-Han nationals has evolved into a stage of acknowledgement collective culture and ethics,and national recognition.The Illustration of Southwestern' ethnic groups in Yunnan further shows the cognition of non-Han nationals in Yunnan has expended to a larger territory.In Qianlong's reign,Qing government readjusted the executive districts in order to better govern the non-Han nationals interactively via initiating certain directly ruled cities and counties.In Jiaqing's reign,the hand drawn Graphic and Illustration of Yunnan and its Ethnic Nationals represents the highest level of Qing's knowledge of its non-Han nationals in Yunnan.Overall,Qing Government adopted a chain of cognition model which is characterized as-familiar to unfamiliar---unfamiliar to familiar-familiar to unfamiliar,which shows that Qing's willingness of treat its non-Han national residents in Yunnan in a more active and effective way,achieving more effective governance.Based on the knowledge of Ming dynasty in terms of cognition and governance of non-Han nationals in Yunnan,During Qing Dynasty,Yunnan Topography,Peasants Topography and Nationality Graphic Atlas were edited and published.Meanwhile,Qing's officials categorized and confirmed the southwestern Frontier areas and their living ethnic habitants,thus,the rule to the non-Han nationals in Yunnan is connected with the rule to its population distribution,territories and sphere of activities,naming it as "residents claiming the lands".Thus,Qing's governance to non-Han nationals in Yunnan is of great significance to the awareness of national frontiers and nation building.The cognition of non-Han nationals in Yunnan is the basis of the governance of Southwestern frontier areas,likewise,official governance will play a magnificent role in recognizing ethnic groups,further more,the evolution of recognition will help government's readjusting its policies more flexibly.The logic reflects Marxist dialectical materialism theory of knowledge in governing countries,which is characterized as "cognition--practice--recognition--re-practice" theory.