| Max Weber made an conclusion at the end of nineteenth century that both public and private organizations have the trend to Bureaucratization. At the beginning of 20th century, Weber asserted "Bureaucratic organizations is the world destiny". In Modern World, People rely on bureaucratic organizations which are capable of doing complex work in public administration. However, when the western society is facing the transition from "modern society" to "postmodern society". The traditional bureaucracy, based on rationalism, cannot catch the change of social structure. Facing the rapid change of social environment, the disconsent among citizens, the dilemma of "ungoverned", and the paradox of professionalism compel government to put the reform on bureaucracy as a foremost goal.The New Public Management is regarded as an attempt to change bureaucracy from the aspect of orgnization. However, the failure of its application makes an wave in academic circle of rethinking the way on how to change bureaucracy. Scholars, like Box, Denhardt, Jong S.Jun propose to change bureaucracy from the aspect of politics, Which means to put "citizen involvements" as the core concept and bring the public into public administration. In theory, the citizen governance theory claims to put "democracy" instead of "effciency" as the first value of public administration through the changes from "steering" to "service", from "bureaucracy" to "helpers", from "clients" to "active citizens". In practice, the application of citizen governance theory can be achieved by three paths:citizen involvements in community, citizen involvements in public policy, citizen involvements in ICT(Information and Communication Technology).This dissertation includes an introduction, six chapters and peroration, in which, the main body includes three parts:the first part is a fundamental research, The first part, including chapter One, which demonstrates the theoretical basis of this research and determines the subject. The second part, including Chapter Two, Chapter Three, Chapter Four and Chapter Five, focuses on empirical research. In this part, analyses the different content and patterns of citizen involvements in community, in public policy, and in ICT. The third part, chapter four and five, will analyse the review and dilemma of citizen governance theory, making out its influence and inspiration to modern China.The introduction consists of proposal of issues and research significance, research review and theoretical foundation, research methods, materials and structure of dissertation.The first chapter discusses basic concepts, background, determines the subject and scope of this research. The writer analyses the dilemma of bureaucracy from three aspects:organization; politics; ethics, pointing out the failure to solve the problem from reform on inner orgnizational structure. The citizen governance theory is generated on the basis of criticizing NPM(New Public Management). Then, the writer points out that the reason why people dissatisfied with government, is not limitation of its interior structure but its exterior political reason. Nowadays, the gap between government and common people is widening. Both government and people are confused with "The Paradox of Professionalism". The effective way to solve this problem is bringing more public into public administration by rethinking civic identity, exploring new path for citizen involvements, rebuilding the trust between government and common people. The citizen should change its role from "passive participation" to "active participation", in both political participation and administrative participation.The second chapter discusses citizen involvements in community. Frankly speaking, community is hard to regarded as an governmental unit. However, it is the ’most effective way for people to participate in public affairs.The true meaning of self-governance should be restricted by scale. Therefore, coumunity, is the best field for citizens to understand and get familiar with public affairs, which could be done with by their own capability. That is the reason why community governance become the beginning for citizen involvements, and make citizen governance come true. In theory, citizen involvements can help citizen become the owner of community, and actively participate in making decisions, implementation, supervision. In practice, the application of citizen governance theory cannot be achieved without strong political leaders, the changing role of civil servant, and active citizen.The third chapter discusses citizen involvements in public policy,which is more complicated and complex than citizen involvements in community. Citizen involvements in public policy can do good to democracy, publicness, science, legitimacy, effectiveness in public policy. The application of deliberative democracy has generated several new patterns of citizen involvements. Compared with old patterns, the new patterns emphasize dialogue between citizen and citizen, government and citizen, citizen and expert. In practice, an effective citizen involvements or "right citizen involvements", should pay attention to build an harmonious tie between professionalism and democracy, which is relying on constructing an evaluation framework of citizen involvements system.The fourth chapter analyzes citizen involvements in modern information and communication technology, which is the future model of citizen governance. The shift from electronic government to electronic governance, from electronic governance to electronic democracy, western scholars start attaching great importance to public value in electronic democracy. Citizen involvements have many obvious speciality compared with old model. Some Scholars think that electronic democracy will become a new paradise for democracy. However, from application, it is a long and tough journey. The shift from "virtual beauty" to "beautiful virtuality" needs a long way.The fifth chapter discusses the influence and dilemma of citizen governance theory. Now the trends from "weak democracy" to "strong decracy", from "indirect democracy" to "direct democracy", from "political democracy" to "democratic administration", are the presentation of the development of "western democracy". Enhancing citizen involvements and application of democratic administration has already become the new path to the reform of public administration. From practical cases in this dissertation, the writer makes an conclusion that citizen involvements in public administration,even in western countries, is laying a period of experiment. It will come across lots of difficulities in both theory and practice. The sixth chapter remarks on enlightment of citizen govenance theory to China. Because now China is lying on a transition period between agricultural society and industrial society.It is not realistic for chinese government to "bashing bureaucracy". The writer proposes that we should pay attention to "grass democracy", promote rationalism bureaucray, and cultivate strong and mature civil society. Frankly speaking, now the citizen governance theory is not suitable for the reform of public administration in China. However, the voice for strong democracy, the experience from direct citizen administrative participation, and the rethinking the gap between government and citizen needs us to pond over.In the peroration, the writer points out that citizen governance theory is a kind of new public administration theory, which advocates the value of "political person", proposes to adjust the conflicts between instrumental reason and value reason, and lays stress on citizen involvements in public administration. Although citizen involvements come across many problems in practical application, however, the spirit of public administration, requires the development of public administration go beyond management and make citizen involvements as an indispensible part of modern public administration. |
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