A Study Of The Design And Controversy Of Idea-building Of Modern State Of Intellectual In Political System In1920’s

The article studies the Chinese intellectual during the1920s centred on the magazine of East, Modern Comment, New Road, Reform etc. It is a purpose to search for the constitational and controversy of modern state of the intelluatual and to make up shortcoming for ever on the subject.While the traditional national system collapsed gradually in the historical background of western learning, the Chinese spout and shaped the concept of modern state. After five-four movement the China’s social environment changed in a number of major changes that constitutional salvation has become the mainstream consciousness and the China’s intellectual differed with the influx of western though and the modern Chinese nationalism that oriented various to each group of intellectual had shaped and the Chinese had shifted the faith ruled by the people and rose of non-civilian rule doctrine. These were important conditions that the intellectual designed and debated constitution in order to build a modern state.Modern state is both a unified and independent nation and a democracy in accordance with democratic principle. The power is a core of nation and the human right is a core of democracy. Therefore, the article will study the constitution of the Chinese intellectual in1920s from national and democratic ways.The intellectual proposed a series of ethnic nation-building programs in both internal and external disgusting circumstances. Peace, revolution and force were three different concepts of national unity, while the vast majority of intellectuals in favored of the peaceful reunification and proposed respectively some schemes with meeting, joint-governance and law etc. Although most of the programs were defects in one way or another, these were intellectual’s contemplation in the course of national unity. The intellectual put formward many programs on the national independence such as national diplomacy, non-Christian movement etc and a number of coping strategies to some major diplomatic conferences such as the Washington conference, the shanghai incident, the tariff conference and the legal right conference etc. The programs contributed to the recovery of national sovereignty and accelerated the historical process of national independence in a certain extent, while some were also with irrational factors and caused a certain negative impact.The intellectual discussed of the constitution sharply in1920’s early. It was their same overall objective to complete of national unity and democracy through establishing of a democratic constitution basically, while there were some differences in many of specific constitutional issues. They carried out extensive exchanges around many issues such as constituting through constituent national assembly or the congress, whether province has the constitutional right, protecting national right, reserving or abolishing the constitution of the republic and eight-power constitution or nine-power constitution etc. Although the goal of constitutional salvation was not achieved, the discussions of constitution were important thoughts in the constitutional history of Chinese which had a positive impact to right and subsequent constitutional movement.It was an important element of the intellectual’s political design and debate what we would choice modern state system of government. They debated it in such areas as representative, committee, centralization and decentralization etc. There were two different orientations to the representative that commentators of transformation suggested that although there were some defects to the representative, it was suitable for China as long as using of the representation of function, unicameral congress, universal suffrage and direct election, dismissing representation, national voting system and negative voting system etc and the commentators of replacement argued that it was entirely unsuitable for China and advocated that it was replaced of direct democracy and business-rule and so on. For the committee, the commentators of committee argued that it was an effective way to save the current situation, there were also many commentators of non-committee who approved of presidential system, cabinet system, mixed mode system of president and cabinet, presidential parasitic system and so on. For the issue of national power-sharing, there were different commentators of centralization, decentralization and balanced-power. The majority of commentators advocated that other political system into centralized system. There were some representative plans such as democratic centralization, partition centralization, joint centralization, administrative centralization with committee of congress and so on. There were representative plans such as the federal decentralization and the dividing cooperation. Sun Zhongshan proposed balanced-power. With imitating west modern political system, either from the actual Chinese situation or from the historical cultural Chinese tradition, the plans couldn’t solve Chinese crisis.The intellectual thought profoundly that China would achieve democratic constitutional government by civilian-rule or non-civilian rule. They debated many issues such as elite politics or civilian politics, civilian rule or party rule or one-party dictatorship, class-politics or class-reconcile and so on. Liang Qichao, Zhang Dongsun proposed the theory of elite salvation stressing the personal morality factors of Chinese traditional political culture under the premise which maintained the existing social system which China would achieve democracy through wise-politics and good-politics and so on. Chen Duxiu proposed popular salvation. It was impossible that elite politics which did hardly satisfy the demand of the development of modern society become an effective modern state-building program. Although civilian-politics reflected fully the desire which the most people required to establish an equal community, while the majority of people still lack knowledge of modern political context, it is a big problem how civilian-politics was put into practice. The majority of intellectual favored of party-rule in revolution. With established the one-party dictatorship of nationalist government in Nanjing, They criticized it strongly, while a small number of intellectual favored it. Although some advocates of democracy, freedom and human rights were out of Chinese national conditions, it was a glorious chapter which modern Chinese intellectual opposed the political dictatorship. While Communist advocated of Class-politics to transform Chinese society, national socialist and nationalist advocated of class-reconcile etc to oppose it. Although class-reconcile which was a typical reformative modern state-building way couldn’t solve Chinese social problems, we can’t deny its theoretical valve completely.Divorcing from the concrete practice of Chinese social status and historical cultural tradition, the majority of the design and controversies hadn’t been able to get support of the masses and were abandoned in historical choice. So that, it’s historical role was also very limited. However, it didn’t disappear completely and had a certain influence to the Chinese later community. For example, the design and controversies returning representative government, expert-politics, democracy or authoritarian, reconciling civilian-rule and non-civilian rule in1930’s and1940’s were same strain with it.There were any problems of the constitutional design of the Chinese intellectual in1920s such as differing from Chinese specific conditions, Being out of line with rational and implemental reason, coming apart relationship of the system and culture, Pursuiting the perfection blindly etc. However, there were important thought that the intellectual constructed modern country. It supplemented many new contentes for the modern Chinese history of political system. We would not understimated the ideal significance of the design and controversy.