| Since 2014, the leaders of CCP commemorated the 69th anniversary of the victory of Anti-Japanese War with a great fanfare, which indicates that the Chinese government has an explicit attitude to the history and relationship between China and Japan. It has been the 70th year since the victory of the World War Ⅱ, however, Japan has not recognized its atrocities committed during the war and its negative attitudes to the Anti-Japanese War become even more aggravated, for example, the top leaders of Japanese government frequently go to the Yasukuni Shrine to visit Japanese war criminals and the Japanese government constantly deniesits aggression in public, intends to nationalize the Diaoyu Island, modifies the Peaceful Constitution and so on. These performances not only deeply hurt a great number of people who have suffered huge pain during the World War Ⅱ, but also badly affect the Sino-Japanese relations. Especially, the act of modifying the Peaceful Constitution, lifting the ban on right of self-defence and other inappropriate behaviors, reveal Japan’s right-wing activists’long lasting intention of recurring militarism.Theoretically moral education and political culture can achieve dialectical unity and complement each other. Moral education is an important way to shape, maintain and develop political culture systematically, in turn, political culture provides conditions, basic content and values for moral education. The relationship between moral education and political culture illustrates the link between form and content, means and purpose in political life. The implementation of moral education can help transmit political culture effectively, i.e. moral education system is gradually developed and adapted along with changes of political culture, which is also followed by modern Japanese moral education practice and political culture transmission practice. The most noticeable feature of political culture of modern Japan is the mutual development between militarism and moral education. Japanese modern moral education plays an accelerating part in the process of militarism and the Japanese militarism reacts upon the implementation of moral education policy in Japan. For the reason that Japanese militarism has severely impair the Sino-Japan diplomatic relationship, Chinese people should maintain vigilance and Japanese reactionary force should be thoroughly exposed and studied.At present, the whole Asia is unstable in terms of continuous conflicts between India and Pakistan, the nuclear crisis of North Korean and a series of other events. As two powerful countries of Asia, Sino-Japanese relation is closely related to Asian stability. Thus, in order to promote the normal development of Sino-Japanese relations, the researches on Japanese modern moral education and Japanese militarism have become the most favored, and these studies also highly show its realistic and guiding significance. However, It is hard to understand that why the militarism that nearly ruined Japan is still greatly favored in Japan? This question cannot be answered simply in short sentences, but it is clear that the Japanese militarism has not been not produced in a day or suddenly formed at the beginning of the external wars.Instead, it is deeply rooted in Japanese national culture and spirit and the moral education. Therefore, it is essential for us to analyze modern Japanese moral education and militarism from ideological and cultural perspectives so as to explore the causes of their existence till now, and to deepen the study of the Japanese militarism. So the purpose for this study is to illustrate the strong cultural foundation of Japanese moral education and militarism, to reveal the causes of Japanese militarism through detailed analysis, and to warn the people about its dangerous situation of Japanese militarismrevival.This dissertation choosesthe relationship between moral education and militarism as the research object, the changes of modern moral education in Japan as time clues, and the specific period of Japanese history as the time schedule. This study aims to investigate the development of Japanese modern moral education from the vertical and horizontal dimensions, and to figure out the inner influences of Japanese militarism. Using the changes of Japanese modern moral education policy and the thoughts of educators as the breakthrough, this research also attempts to find out transitional characteristics and forming reasons of Japanese modern moral education policy, and its relationship with the Japanese Militarism, and to present its consequences for future social development as well. There are six chapters in this thesis that are listed as follows.The first chapter is an introduction, which mainly includes the research purpose and significance, the research status at home and abroad, the research ideas and methods, the strength and weakness of the research, the conceptual analysis of moral education and Japanese militarism and so on.The second chapter contains Japanese modern moral education with the doctrine of power and militarism bud (1868-1890). Main content includes:introducing the social background of this period from the aspects of politics, economy, ideology and the developing levels of education and so on. During this period, Japan was in an unstable situation when the civil war had just ended and faced the danger of being invaded, and at that time the whole country was in ruins. In order to fight for national independence, the Japanese government established educational system and some other policies in 1872, and also put forward the aim of moral education to educate people to master individual spirit, based on which, the moral education was to emphasize personal learning as practical learning, which means people should acquire practical knowledge and skills needed in social life, and experimental and practical science. And the methods of the moral education focus on cultivate one’s morality. For one thing, the conceptual changes of moral education wakened the Japanese national consciousness. They were determined to get rid of invasions, hoping to create a powerful Japan. For another, it enabled the Japanese people strongly and willingly support the Meiji emperor. In the meanwhile, the Japanese Militarism began to germinate, as the result of which, along with the implementation of the policy of building rich and powerful Japan, Japanese government established the powerful military forces, which made Japan stronger than before, and its political power got more and more stable. And the social stability also enabled the Meiji emperor to take measures to promote the development of economy, policy and education. What’s more, the police system that was adaptable to militarism played a significant role in promoting the development of moral education in Japan.The third chapter is concerned with the modern development of nationalism and Japanese modern moral education and militarism (1890-1931). This chapter mainly introduces the social background of this period from the aspects of politics, economy, ideology and development of education. Besides, this chapter also discusses the ways and methods of moral education, and gives result analysis. In 1889 and 1890, Japanese government passed laws, which indicate that the aim of moral education changed from being powerful country to nationalism cultivation. The core of "nationalism" moral education is the popularization and permeation of a law named Jiaoyu Ciyuissued in October 1890. Through the moral education, Japanese Mikado system was deepened into every citizen’s heart, which was the spiritual root of Japanese militarism. As a result, nationalism became the militarism. Besides, a large amount of military and war content was added to the daily moral education in colleges, middle schools and even primary schools. At this time, militarism achieved its development, and it greatly influenced moral education in Japan. The Bushido spirit, as the typical thought of militarism, became the national spirit of Japan. And the core of Bushido spirit is similar with the most part of Jiaoyu Ciyu which was the framework of moral education. In addition, after the Meiji restoration, Japan followed the western imperialist powers. As it promoted the modernization of economy, it vigorously carried out the policy of building a powerful nation. At the same time, Bushido spirit also achieved broadly and transmitted greatly, which enlarged the nationalism in Japan, and finally led the whole country to militarism and aggression. At this period, Japan continuously strengthened the militarism education and its publicity, thus strengthening national mechanism and militarism ideology, which made everyone in Japan deeply form national consciousness and was completely loyal to the Mikado.The fourth chapter is focused on the mature period of Japanese modern moral education and militarism (1931-1945). In this chapter, the author mainly introduces the political, economical, ideological and educational background and moral education idea at this period. Ways and methods of moral education and result analysis are presented. During this period, the Japanese government underwent Showa Crisis, and launched September-18th Incident in 1931. In this incident, Japanese right-wing force colluded with military force and continuously made assassination and coup, and finally won the support of cabinet. At this time, Japan came into the stage of armed citizens. Each citizen had a strong desire to serve his country loyally, and the whole society in Japan became crazy fans for supporting the war. They described the war as patriotic movement, and moral education became the instrument of militarism. At the same time, so many militarists came into the power and they controlled the government. Koki Hirota, Fumimaro Konoe and Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister one after another. Japanese militarism entered the mature stage. Militarists cultivated the warlike royalty and established the Yasukuni Shrine.Even the form of files issued by the government directly intervened moral education. With the failure of Japan in World War II, Japanese modern moral education and militarism collapsed soon.The fifth chapter presents the typical case study of the relationship between moral education and militarism in Japan in the early modern times. Based on the introduction of the typical characters of modern Japanese militarism, this chapter investigates how the Japanese militarism of moral education made each ordinary human from normal family become a killing tool for Japanese militarism step by step.The sixth chapter discusses the implications of Japanese modern moral education and the reasons that Japan stepped into militarism. It mainly includes the bad consequences of cheating education in Japan, China’s responses to the Japanese militarism, and the enlightenment of Japanese modern moral education to China. Cheating education is one of the characteristics of modern Japanese militarism education. In order to achieve the purpose of invading other countries, the entire top leaders of Japanese government put forward various deceptive viewpoints to gloss over their foreign invasion. This kind of deceptive education is one of the most important reasons that led Japan to the militarism. Under the influences of this deceptive education, teenagers in Japan worship Mikado without any reasons and they even lost their own self-recognition and self-value. They formed a spirit of sacrifice for Mikado, lost the abilities to think, and even lost their consciences. Recently, the people from Japanese right-wing made some disturbances constantly. This action will open the road for Japan’s Self-Defense Forces and Japan will use force overseas once more. Japan has an ambition to make its militarism come back. We should take necessary steps to deal with it. Because the primary school in China cancels the history course and thehistorical education of children in China is poor, it is helpful to learn from the Japanese moral education. And it is also worthwhile necessary to introduce the successful experiences of Japan into China and to promote economical development by means of moral education.Based on the interaction and mutual relationship of Japanese moral education and militarism, this dissertation classifies the typical Japanese modern events into three periods corresponding to the three periods of militarism. Taking a typical Japanese farmer as an example, the study explores how the moral education progressed into the killing tool of militarism in Japan, by analyzing the joint effects of Japanese moral education and militarism. At last, the study provides some opinions on cheating education in Japan, China’s vigilance on Japanese militarism and the enlightenment of Japanese moral education to China. Owing to the limited academic ability of the author, there are probably some shortcomings in this study. The author will further investigate Japanese moral education and militarism to present more insightful exploration. |
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