| Adaptation and adaptive changes of political parties is a "bridge" connecting the theory and practice of party development, hence attracting much attention from theorists and practioners. As to the Communist Party of China, being a leading and ruling party of a socialist country, to make adaptive changes is a common and natural issue. In fact, the CPC, according to the changes in the environment and target, has constantly made exploration and adaptive changes in party building and administration since its birth. The CPC, conforming to changing situations and requirements of the times, has accumulated many experiences and lessons of adaptive changes by groping forward in practice, summing up experience and lessons in repeated trials and errors, and constantly adjusting and improving itself in the process of governing. At present, facing the new task of comprehensively deepening reform, the CPC puts forward the general objective of improving socialist system with Chinese characteristics and advancing modernization of national governance system and governance capability. The two parts within the general goal are complementary and mutually promotive. Therefore, in order to smoothly push forward modernization of national governance, we must, based on the nature and requirements of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, accurately understand the essential connotation of modernization of national governance, adapt to the new requirements of strengthening party building and the Party’s leading and ruling abilities in new situation, and take necessary adaptive changes in various areas.The concept of "governance" and "modernization" are both "import goods". In order to accurately and thoroughly understand modernization of national governance in Chinese context, we must focus on both history and reality of China, be guided by the problems encountered in the discourse of China’s development, emphasize Chinese characteristics and Chinese style, absorb reasonable components in relevant concepts both at home and abroad, as well as draw on useful experiences and practices from the West in specific operational means. Specifically, there are three basic principles to follow. The first is principle of China. To promote modernization of national governance needs to adhere to the Party’s leadership and give full play to the leading role of the Party, which requires the Party to impose strict discipline on itself, constantly strengthen and improve the Party’s leadership. The second is principle of times. Globalization and regional integration make all the countries included in the world system and learn from each other on the condition of interdependence, which requires drawing useful ingredients of governance theory and successful experience in practice from the West. The third is principle of integrality. For modernization of national governance, institutions of governance system need to be complete, systems of governance structure needs to be perfectly matched, and governance areas need to be comprehensive, which requires making comprehensive use of law and virtue to govern, improving the institutional mechanisms as well as handle well party-state relations, party-market relations and party-society relations.The CPC plays the role of "surveying the whole situation, coordinating all the sides", which means that the adaptive chages in the field of party building is fundamental guarantee for advancing modernization of national governance. Over the past few decades, the CPC, according to changes in national circumstances, development of the society and conditions within the Party, has conducted a series of adaptive changes, strengthening the Party in ideological building, organizational building, and working style building. However, facing problems existing in the Party and new requirements for modernizing national governance, the CPC needs to continue to practice the principle of "the Party supervising its own conducts and strictly administering itself" and further strengthen its adaptive changes. There are three ways to achieve the goals. The first is to strengthen the management of party members and cadres by intra-Party institutions building. The second is to accept supervision from the masses and the Party, as well as strengthen the institutional constraints of powers. The third is to increase the Party’s cohesive force.In the perspective of party-state relations, the CPC has been the leading party and the ruling party, and there are both leading and ruling relationship between the Party and the nation. Because of the "’double identity" of the Party in pushing forward modernation of national governance and the "doable relationship" between the Party and the nation, the CPC’s adaptive changes in the domain has dominant driving function. From the founding of the Republic of China till the end of the so-called "Cultural Revolution", China had been practicing the centralized leading system with the characteristic of "party-regime synthesis" for the need of revolution and influence of the former Soviet Union. This leading system displayed advantages of fast decision and high efficiency in the start-up period, but its disadvantages become increasingly evident as the development of economy and society. Since the reform and opening up, therefore, the CPC have adopted a series of adaptive changes in "party-state" relations, experiencing an uneven development of "party substituting regime", "functioning division of party and regime", and stopping of "party-regime division", which reflecting the thought transformation from "rule of man" to "rule of law". Currently, the task of modernizing national governance requires us to further normalize "party-state" relations, which needs to correctly understand peculiarity of party-state relations in China, ensure the autonomy of state, and make stage agencies efficient.In the perspective of party-society relations, society provides basis for the birth, exist and development, the relationship between the CPC and society is more typical than othter. In the perspective of national governance, society is the important aspect of socialist constrction with Chinese characteristics, and the CPC’s adaptive changes in the feild of party-state relations are important basis of promoting national governance modernization. Since the reform and opening up, the Chinese society has experienced profound changes, wich exert great influences on the CPC’s leading and governing. Historically speaking, the CPC not only had some lessons on dealing with relations between leading and governing, but also made timely adaptive changes and achieved positive effects. In future, to lead social governance, the CPC needs to perfect specific leading methods and arts, and constantly promote its leading abilities. Meanwhile, in order to carry forward social governing, the CPC has to strengthen scientific social management, make social organizations play roles in social governing, and ceaselessly innovate systems and institutions of social management.Rule of law, the basic principle and important mark of modern society, is the main strategy of governing the country. Thererfore, rule of law is the core content of national governance modernization as well as the key of the Party’s adaptive change. In the background of advancing national governance modernization, the CPC needs to, on the basis of normalizing part-state and party-society relations, strictly abide by the principle of ruel of law in every field of governance, realizing comprehensively implementing the rule of law as well as that of the Party’s leading & administrating modes. In the course of building the country under the rule of law, the successful experience includes adhering to the Party’s leadship, putting people’s fundamental interest formost, the principle of all people are equal before the law, Chinese characteristics and strengthening Party discipline. Besides, there are some weak points of the CPC’s adaptive change in building the country under the rule of law, such as concept of supremacy of the law being not strong enough, insufficient execution of systems within the Party, loose combination of the rule of law and rule of virtue, and deficiency of the rule of law in marketing economy. In the case, the future focu of the Party’s adaptive changes in building the country under the rule of law is to strengthen the Party’s abilities of the rule of law, with the main tasks of improving party members and cardres’ abilities of the rule of law and enhancing the Party’s leading & administrating modes according to the law.Reform of economnic system is essential aspect of deepening the reform in an all-round way and the core content of national governmance modernization, so coping with the governance issures in the field of market is important approach to realize modernization of national government. The CPC have been paying much importance to economic development and adaptive changes in this field. For instance, implementing reform and opening up was to liberate and develop productivity, and to promote economic construction; proposing building and perfecting socialist marketing economy system was to enrich people and strengthen nation, and to consolidate socialist systems with Chinese characteristics; advancing deepening reforms in an all-round way and making mark play a decisive role in resources distribution was to follow marketing economy rules and to realize "China Dream". With the leadership of the CPC, China have made outstanding achievements in economic construction, and established socialist marketing economy system. The tasks in the future include implementing relative reforms, make market play the decisive role, perfecting socialist marketing economy, and providing driving forces for advancing national governance and developing socialist systems with Chinese characteristics. According to the above tasks, the construction of socialist marketing economy in China require adhering to public ownership’s mainstream status, coping well with relations between government and market, practicing rule of law and governing of law, and perfecting modern market system.As the dissertation shows, there is a close internal logic among national governance, reform and the opining up, as well as the CPC’s adaptive changes. Briefly speaking, the CPC’s adaptive changes are exteriorly embodied in reform and the opining up, and their target is to better national governance via reform and the opining up; reform and the opining up is helpful to improve the effects of national governance, and it may provide drive forces for interior and exterior adaptive changes of the CPC; the effects of national governance are dependent on the direction and degree of the CPC’s adaptive changes, as well as the enforcement of reform and opening up; besides, the goal of modernizing national governance requires the CPC to adopt timely adaptive changes and constantly deepen reform and opening up. It is natural to draw some useful enlightenments for national governance by summing up experience and lessons of the CPC’s adaptive changes in historical practices, such as keep on emancipating the mind, keeping the Party’s purity and progressiveness, strengthening the Party’s leading and administrative abilities. However, constrained by length of the thesis and abilities of the author, many related issues have not been thoroughly discussed. Hence, there are some important fields worth more attention in the future, such as institutions building within the Party, comprehensively implementing the rule of law, and comprehensively deepening reform. |
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