A Study On The Stratification Of The Social Security System In China Under The Perspective Of Equity Theory

The social security system is an important part of the socialist system, and the moderate degree and maturity degree of social security system construction are not only the important measurement standard of the degree of social civilization, but also the embodiment of social justice relationship. The party pointed out in the report at 18 th Party Congress, “To adhere to the full coverage, basic, multi-level, sustainable guideline;Focus on enhancing fairness, adapting to the liquidity and ensuring sustainability, and comprehensive build the social security system covering urban and rural residents.Under the condition of market economy, the construction of a social security system with fair value orientation is the common goal of the party and the people. This not only requires the social security system should guarantee the fairness of the system in its system concept, system structure and system operation; it should also further promote and realize social justice through the fairness of the system. However, in recent years, it has a contradictory trend in the construction of a social security system in our country.On the one hand, the scope of the social security is increasing continuously, the level of security is improving constantly and security system is getting better day by day; On the other hand, the division of the social security system is becoming more and more serious, which shows a fragmentation, involution development trend, and the fairness of the system has been questioned. The academic circles no lack of systematic consideration of the fairness of the social security system. However, it is the lack of systematic research on the issue of institutional equity from the degree of adaptation to economic and social structure.When the social security system is placed in the economic and social structure,social stratification is a very enlightening point of view. Because the social stratification implies that the social status differences, namely, a kind of realistic inequality. In theory,the redistribution mechanism of the social security system is helpful to narrow the social gap and weaken the social inequality. That is, the fairness of social security system properties demands its power as a kind of inverse social stratification, to modify theunequal distribution problem of power, prestige, assets and other factors in the social stratification among different groups of people. Because China’s social class structure is still far from the olive reasonable structure, and the social security system design and its running effect are actually the continuation of the social stratification structure based on the formation of market rules. The vertical system structure is "fracture" and the horizontal system structure is "debris" so that the fairness attributes of the social security system give a discount in the implementation process. And it also makes the implementation effect of the social security system and the unreasonable social stratification structure shows a high degree of "coupling", that is, it has the vertical stratification system of social security system, namely the stratification of the social security system. The stratification of the social security system is the explicit representation of the system, which has four characters: The first is the social security system covers the range of the risk of civil society and forms the risk diversification; the second is social security system to resolve the differences in the ability of the risk of civil society in the formation of the level of treatment; the third is the stratification of responsibility which formed by government responsibility differences when social security system resolves the civil social risk; the fourth is the service stratification which formed by distribution difference when citizens in the enjoyment of social security services. At present, the contradiction of the social security system is based on the above four aspects mainly reflects in urban and rural areas between different groups.In the specific and theoretical analysis of the stratification of the social security system, the author reviews and analyzes the main equity theories in the west, and the author believes that the four scholars of Rawls, Nozick, Dworkin and Amartya have a certain convergence on the research results on the issue of fairness. This convergence is reflected in attaching great importance to the fairness of individual rights, opportunities and rules. On the basis of this analysis, the author analyzes the stratification problems of the social security system by using a comprehensive analysis from the three angles of social rights fairness, opportunity fairness and rule fairness.First of all, it investigates on the generation mechanism of the social security system based on the review of the fairness of social rights. The development of social rights cannot be achieved overnight. At different stages of the development of social security system, it presents the characteristics of the scope of the main body of social rights continue to expand, the right content gradually increases and the enjoyment and realization degree of the rights is increasing full. Meanwhile, the gradual evolution of social rights has different effects on the degree of social security in different social class.It shows the three stages of the impoverishment of the social rights of disadvantaged groups in the early stage of development of social security system; the differences ofsocial rights of all classes in the middle stage of development of social security system;the equality of social right of all classes in the mature stage of social security system.The stratification of the social security system in our country is due to the lack of social rights in the system construction, which leads to the unbalanced development of social rights in different social classes. Thus, there are serious differences in the scope and level of social security which the citizen enjoyed for the long time. The current social security system arrangement still remains the status of the coexistence of different civil social rights in different periods. It is based on the identity of urban and rural, unit identity, professional identity, administrative status of external conditions based on civil rights. This is contrary to the social rights of citizenship based on fairness of the basic requirements.Secondly, to investigate the mechanism of the "curing- flow" of the social security system based on the review on the opportunity fairness. In the field of social security, the lack of opportunity fairness means that the social stratification structure is further solidified in the field of social security. It is difficult for the weak to twist the social structure formed by the initial distribution of the welfare system and it is difficult to realize the possibility of the upper social mobility and thus get rid of the permanent social exclusion. While the strong is likely to take advantage of welfare resources to further widen the existing social gap, curing its dominant position in the social stratification. In the hierarchical view of opportunity, middle level opportunity equity means the improvement of individual’s ability; high level opportunity equity is helpful to promote the flow of individuals in different classes. But the middle level opportunity which provided by the current social security system, it has the unfair distribution problem in educational opportunity, opportunity for medical treatment, employment opportunities between urban and rural areas. Due to the high level of opportunity equity ignores the individual ability construction in the social relief system and social insurance system, thus inhibiting the flow of the individual in different classes.In addition,to review the operational mechanism of the stratification of the social security system based on the rule of justice. In the evaluation of the fairness of the system, to analyze from the two dimensions of external rules of fairness analysis and the inherent rules of fairness analysis. The analysis of the external rule fairness is from the five aspects of the qualification access mechanism, the fund raising mechanism, the investment operation mechanism, the treatment payment mechanism and overall management mechanism. It carries on a systematic analysis of how the external rules make the social security system stratification phenomenon can be operated. The author believes that the qualification access mechanism is the premise of the realization of the system rule; The fund raising mechanism is the core of the fair realization of the systemand rules; The investment operation mechanism is the guarantee of the fairness of the system and rules. The mechanism of treatment payment is the embodiment of the justice of the system; the overall management system is the requirement of the fair system.Analysis of inherent rule fairness is to highlight the kinship family welfare rules,emphasize the regional relationship community welfare rules and emphasize the buffer effect of the value consensus of the charitable welfare rules on the stratification. But this buffering effect is gradually declining under the influence of individual trends.On the basis of this analysis, the author puts forward the framework of the social security system, which is based on the establishment of the “foundation to supplement”,to institutionalize the basic parts to highlight the social rights of citizens to highlight the civil rights fairness; to capitalize the supplementary parts as to achieve the integration of "fragmentation" system framework to achieve the purpose of social security "destratification", and to achieve the welfare support of social classes can be fair to enjoy the social security system.