The backward countries choose what kind of socialist road after the victory of the revolution, is a new topic in the development of the Marxism. The Soviet Union is the first socialist country. The CPSU established the Soviet Socialist Model under the leadership of Stalin. The CPC’s understanding of the Soviet Model has profound impact on the socialist road of Chinese. The CPC’s exploration of the socialist road experience a process from the "follow the path of the Russians" to "taking the own road of China“. Combined with CPC’s understanding of the Soviet Model, studying systematically and thoroughly on the development of the Chinese socialist road’s experience and lessons, especially the innovation of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics, has important significance.From the view of the change of CPC’S understanding of the Soviet Model, this paper studied CPC’s exploration of the socialist road, revealed the regularity of China socialist road. The content of this paper includes four interrelated parts. The first part is about the CPC’S views on Soviet Socialism in the new democratic period, and the historical inevitability of learning the Soviet Model, and the transition to socialist society by learning Soviet experience. This is the origin of exploration of China’s socialist road. This part includes chapter 1 and chapter 2. The second part is about the CPC’S exploration of the socialist road under the framework of the Soviet Model before reform and opening. This part includes chapter 3 and chapter 4.The third part is about the CPC’s exploration of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics after the reform and opening. The fifth chapter discusses this issue. The fourth part is about the socialist road with Chinese characteristics’ breakthrough to the Soviet Model, and the CPC’S exploration’s meaning and lessons. This is the end result of this paper. Chapter VI addresses this issue. The main contents of this paper are as follows.The first chapter is about the CPC’S views on Soviet Socialism during the new democratic period. The research subject of this paper is related to the Chinese Communist Party’s understanding of the Soviet model and its influence on the socialist road of China. So this chapter first explained the connotation and characteristics of the Soviet Model, then explained the CPC’S views on Soviet experience in the new democratic period and the reasons for the CPC’s decision on learning from the Soviet Union. The Soviet model refers to the socialist pattern established by Stalin and the Soviet people. It includes the basic system of socialism and the mode of concrete system. It is the practice form of scientific socialism theory in the Soviet Union in the specific historical period. From the view of the basic system of socialism,the Soviet Model basically adhered to the basic principles and development goals of socialism. From the view of concrete system of socialism, the socialist construction of the Soviet Union was restricted by the national conditions. The characteristics of the Soviet Model are mainly embodied in three aspects: politics, economy and culture. Because of building socialism in backward countries,the Soviet Model is difficult to fully reflect the socialist superiority of Marx envisioned. There are drawbacks in the system inevitably. The CPC’S views on Soviet experience during the new democratic period include revolutionary experience and the experience of socialist construction. The CPC’s understanding of the Soviet experience has profound impact on the revolutionary road and socialist road of Chinese. Chinese revolutionary road and socialist road both experience a process from the “follow the path of the Russians†to “taking the own road of Chinaâ€. In the process of exploring the road of Chinese revolution, the CPC put forward the methodology of localization of Marxism in China. This has laid a solid methodological foundation for the later exploration of the socialist road.There is historical inevitability on the CPC’s learning of the Soviet Model. The objective reason for studying the Soviet Model is the unique historical status and historical role of the Soviet Model. The CPSU gradually established the Soviet Model without any experience to learn. The Soviet Model has played a positive role in history. The experience of the Soviet Union is pioneering and model. There are two subjective reasons for studying the Soviet Model. Firstly, the CPC and CPSU have the same political beliefs. Learning the experience of the Soviet Union to establish socialist society is the CPC’s ideal goal. Secondly, the CPC has chosen to join the socialist camp in foreign policy. This makes the CPC finally chose to follow the Soviet Model in the socialist construction of the future in the complex international situation. Although after the victory of the revolution, the CPC didn’t intend to immediately establish a socialist system, the CPC has started to study the experience of the Soviet Union in the construction of New China. And the CPC is ready to learn the Soviet Union’s experience after the founding of New China.The second chapter is about the transition to socialist society by learning Soviet experience. After the founding of New China, the CPC tried to realize industrialization in the new democratic period, and then establish a socialist society. China learned from the Soviet Union on political system construction, industrialization and higher education. New Democracy construction made great achievements. But the new democracy theory encountered new problems in practice. Firstly, rural stratum’s attitudes to mutual aid were divided because of the emergence of the gap between rich and poor. Secondly, rural individual economy cannot meet the demand of industrialization and urbanization of agricultural products. Thirdly, the capitalist industry and commerce violations affected the healthy development of the economy. The solution of the problems related to the development direction of the new democratic society. The CPC decided to advance the transition to socialist society.The cause of ending new democratic period in advance is very complex. Firstly, the CPC leaders’ understanding of the new democratic society’s nature and contradiction is the fundamental reason of the advance of the transition to socialist society. The CPC regarded the new democratic society as a transitional society. As long as the conditions are met, it can be a transition to a socialist society. The view of the CPC is that he conditions for the transition to a socialist society include the degree of industrialization and whether Chinese people are prepared to do so. The former is the subjective condition; the latter is the objective condition. After the second Plenary Session of the 7th CPC Central Committee, Mao Zedong paid more attention to the subjective condition. Secondly, while the CPC tried to solve the problems, China gradually embarked on socialist road which is the same with the Soviet Model in fact. Thirdly, the impact of the Soviet Model is an important reason why the CPC decided to transit to socialist society before the scheduled time. Since the founding of new China, China began to learn from the Soviet Union on a large scale, China has accepted the construction of the Soviet Union in a number of ways before transition to the socialist society. When the new democratic construction encountered problems, Mao Zedong and other leaders naturally thought of seeking answers to the Soviet experience. The Soviet Model promoted the formation of the general line for the transition period and the introduction of the decision-making of the transition to socialism.After the implement of the general line for the transition period, the CPC started a comprehensive learning of the Soviet Model. After the completion of socialist transformation, China formally established socialist system. Chinese achievement is the realization of great change of social system. There are two major problems on the Soviet model of learning. Firstly, the CPC copied the experience of the Soviet Union in some aspects regardless of differences in national conditions. Secondly, the CPC lack of consciousness to explore the socialist road of China because of historical limitations of the understanding of the Soviet Model. The Soviet Model has two major defects. It didn’t fully inherit the thought on the building of socialist countries of the late Lenin. It didn’t inherit Engels’ s thoughts about socialist reform. Due to the limitation of objective conditions, the CPC did not realize the defect of the Soviet model. This is the historical limitations difficult to overcome. The Soviet Model was produced in the specific historical conditions and special state situations. The Soviet Model itself is the expression form of immature socialist theory and practice. It is not universal law. Therefore, the Soviet Socialist Model is not completely suitable for China.The third chapter is about the CPC’S exploration of the socialist road by learning the lessons of Soviet Model. Khrushchev tried to reform the Soviet model. The Twentieth National Congress of CPSU deeply influenced China. It is not only a turning point in the history of Soviet socialism, but also a turning point in the history of Chinese Socialism. The twentieth national congress of CPSU led China to re-recognize the Soviet Model, to reflect the problems in learning Soviet experience. The CPC initially recognized the shortcomings of the Soviet Model. The CPC realized that blind imitation of Soviet Model is not conducive to China’s socialist construction. After The twentieth national congress of CPSU, the CPC tried to explore China’s own socialist road. Around the Eighth Party Congress, the CPC’s exploration achieved fruitful results. Firstly, before the Eighth Party Congress, the CPC put forward that socialist construction should handle the relationship between good ten areas. Secondly, the Eighth Party Congress formulated the correct economic construction guidelines and policies to better promote industrialization. Thirdly, the Eighth Party Congress made the right judgment on the country’s main contradiction, decided to implement the transfer of state key work. Fourthly, the Eighth Party Congress undertook beneficial exploration to the construction of our party and the socialist cultural construction. Fifthly, during the Eighth Party Congress and after the meeting, the CPC carried on preliminary exploration on the reform of the socialist society. Sixthly, Mao Zedong put forward the thought of correct handling of contradictions among the people. Exploration of Chinese socialist road is meaningful. Firstly, it made a mental preparation for the establishment of reform and opening strategy decisions. Secondly, it laid the foundation for the formation of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics. Achievements of CPC’s exploration contributed the establishment of reform and opening strategy decisions and the formation of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics. Moreover, the CPC’s exploration during this period is still instructive to today’s socialist construction with Chinese characteristics.Exploration of the socialist road of the CPC also has obvious historical limitations. Firstly, exploration of the socialist economic construction road has limitations. The economic system reform didn’t break the planned economic system framework. Secondly, the understanding of Stalin and the Soviet experience has limitations. The CPC did not fully understand disadvantages of the Soviet Model, did not find fundamental flaws in the Soviet Model. Thirdly, there are limitations on the understanding of China’s domestic principal contradiction. Fourthly, there are limitations on the understanding of the relationship between classes in China. On the one hand, the CPC didn’t know whether the national bourgeoisie still exist after socialist transformation. On the other hand, the CPC did not know the class nature of the intellectuals. This affected the handling of class relations, made the "left" thought of the party appear again. Fifthly, there are limitations on the understanding of against personality cult. The limitations of exploration of China’s socialist road made the CPC’s "Leftism" developing in the coming days.Due to looking Soviet Model as a universal law of socialist construction, the CPC has no intention to embark on a socialist road which is fundamentally different from Soviet Model. This means that the CPC’s exploration of the socialist road is only the mode of inheritance and development of the Soviet Model.The fourth chapter is about the CPC’s exploration’s serious setback. After the Twentieth National Congress of CPSU, the theory and practice of socialist construction issues were divided between the CPC and the CPSU. The differences between the two parties gradually developed into a public debate. The main contents about socialist road during Sino-Soviet Debate include two aspects: construction of Socialism; the evaluation of Stalin. The essence of the debate is that different stages of the development of socialism led to different understanding of the Soviet Model. When the Sino Soviet differences arose, the shortcomings of the Soviet Model in the Soviet Union had been fully reflected, but in China had not been fully exposed. The ruling parties of the two countries inevitably produced different understanding of the socialist construction. Khrushchev tried to carry out the reform to a certain extent on the Soviet Model. The CPC didn’t realize the importance of reform. The CPC advocated exploring socialist road under the premise of the Soviet Model. The CPC took Khrushchev’s attempts as revisionism. Different views of the two parties show that, there are vast differences on "what is socialism, how to build socialism". The CPC believed that only the exploration in the framework of the Soviet Model is socialist nature. The two parties’ differences and debate made "Leftism" gradually dominating China’s socialist road. Mao Zedong and other leaders revised the thesis on the main contradiction in China proposed by the eighth congress of the CCP, gave up the major economic development policy made at the eighth congress of the CCP, blindly sought pure on production relations, regarded the differences of the socialist construction within the party as a class struggle. China’s socialist road gradually fell into the misunderstanding of "opposing and preventing revisionism". "Opposing and preventing revisionism" is essentially a stick to the Soviet Model. The CPC’s exploration suffered a major setback. After the Twentieth National Congress of CPSU, China’s socialist has a good beginning, but later deviated from the right direction. The deep reasons are the historical limitations of the CPC’S understanding of Soviet Model and the deviation of understanding of the theory and practice of socialism.The fifth chapter is about the formation of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Before reform and opening, the CPC’s exploration of socialist road provides socialism with Chinese characteristics with theoretical foundation, material basis, mental preparation and valuable lessons. From the end of the "Cultural Revolution" to the central work conference in 1978, the CPC made full preparations for the historical turning point in the exploration of the socialist road. The CPC decided to end the wrong route put forward by Mao Zedong in his old age, and explore a new socialist road. Ideological liberation movement, the vindication of miscarriages of justice work and the view of the achievements of the development of capitalist countries laid the theoretical foundation and practical foundation for the completion of this historical transition. After the 3rd Plenary Session of 11 th Party Central Committee, the CPC rethought the Soviet Model, continued to explore the socialist road based on lessons learned. The CPC deepened its understanding of the Soviet Model in the process of exploring the road of socialism. The scientific research on the Soviet Model in turn promoted the exploration of the socialist road. In this process, the CPC finally overcame the historical limitations of its own understanding of the Soviet Model. The Soviet Model was no longer regarded as a universal law, but was regarded as a backward socialist mode. The CPC began to break through the Soviet Mode to explore the socialist road. The CPC made a series of correct decisions: resumed the ideological line of seeking truth from facts, established the strategic decision of reform and opening; proposed the theory of primary stage of socialism. In the process of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping put forward the historical task of exploring the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC had carried on beneficial exploration to the socialism economy, politics, culture and ecological civilization construction. The socialist economic construction exploration achievements are as follows: put forward the strategy of "taking economic construction as the center"; established the goal of establishing the socialist market economic system; established development goals that common prosperity; established the basic national policy of opening up; formed a wide field, multi-level opening pattern. The socialist political construction exploration achievements are as follows: established the four basic principles; effectively prevent the arbitrary and personal life tenure in leading posts; restored and developed the basic political system of socialism; cleared the relationship between political reform and economic reform; identified important matters of political reform such as principle, purpose, objectives, content and other important issues. The socialist cultural construction exploration achievements are as follows: drawing on the experience of economic system reform during the reform of culture system; identified important matters of cultural construction such as status, guiding principles, basic tasks, content and guiding ideology and other issues. In addition, the construction of socialist ecological civilization began. The CPC strived to overcome the disadvantages of the Soviet Mode, successfully opened up the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. By the 14 th National Congress of the party, socialist road with Chinese characteristics had broken through the Soviet Mode to a large extent.The sixth chapter is about the socialist road with Chinese characteristics’ breakthrough to the Soviet Model, and the CPC’S exploration’s meaning and lessons. Socialist road with Chinese characteristics had broken through the Soviet Mode on the political, economic, and cultural construction. Socialist road with Chinese characteristics is of great significance to China’s development, to undeveloped countries socialist construction, to the world socialist movement, to the development of human civilization. Tortuous development process of China’s socialist road gave us extremely valuable lessons to other socialist countries. The socialist road is diversity. A country must choose the socialist road according to its national conditions, must develop the socialist road according to the change of the era, must correctly handle the relationship between socialism countries and capitalism countries, and must develop the socialist road in the process of reform. The developing socialism road with Chinese characteristics still faces many challenges. We should continue to explore based on the lessons learned.During the exploration process of Chinese revolution road guided by the Marxist theory, the CPC has solved the methodological problems. That is localization of Marxism in China. In the historical process of establishment of socialist system and modernization by learning the Soviet Model, the CPC has always insisted on this methodology. But why the CPC did not circumvent the Stalin’s detours in some aspects? Why China’s socialist construction was suffered a serious setback? In addition to unique historical position of the Soviet Model and the lack of practical experience of the CPC reasons, the root cause is that the CPC’S understanding of Soviet Model is difficult to go beyond historical limitations. From Chinese socialist road exploration course perspective, the CPC’S understanding of the Soviet model determines the degree of development of the socialist road. The CPC finally overcame its historical limitations of the understanding of the Soviet Model. Then The CPC successfully opened up the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. |