Study On Outstanding Scientists’ National Recognition Mechanisms

Under the direction of philosophy of science, sociology of science and theories of history of science, the paper carries out the theoretical exploration and empirical research on the recognition mechanisms of outstanding scientists, which shows that the accreditation process of outstanding scientists means the interaction among competition mechanisms, exchange mechanisms, cooperation mechanisms and innovation mechanisms actually formed in the process of the formation and development of science. On the basis of the historical survey and theoretical analysis of the development and evolution of outstanding scientists’ recognition mechanisms, the paper further applies the scientific measurement methods to conduct intensive research on outstanding scientists’ development of forms of recognition and its competition mechanisms; with the interconnectedness of two China’s forms of recognition of China’s academician system and national science and technology reward system as clues and combined with the development of China’s science and technology history, the paper also investigates the development of two China’s forms of recognition and the existing problems of China’s outstanding scientists’career achievements from synchronic and diachronic aspects, thus trying to put forward China’s scientific institution and the operation mode and counteraction of outstanding scientists’recognition mechanisms.The paper carries out more in-depth exploration and research from the following aspects:Firstly, based on the theories of philosophy of science of Carnap, Popper and Kuhn, etc, the paper explores the philosophical theory of knowledge sources of outstanding scientists’ recognition mechanisms, and then analyzes and interprets Merton’s structure of norms of science, the systematic theory of sociology of science reward, the theory of social stratification of outstanding scientists and the cumulative advantage theory, etc, putting forward the essence of normative theory in Merton’s theory of the sociology of science is to guarantee the normal operation of exchange and cooperation to realize the competition of scientific innovation while scientific reward system theory is the realization form for the recognition of outstanding scientists’ competitiveness. On the basis of this, the paper further explores the correlation between the recognition mechanisms of outstanding scientists and the development of science and technology, pointing out the scientific reward system is very important to the academic competition, the promotion of scientific innovation, the realization of the accumulative advantages of science development and the upgrade of science and technology development due to the social stratification of outstanding scientists due to the competition, exchange and cooperation of science and technology.Secondly, this paper explores the development process of the recognition mechanisms for outstanding scientists, pointing out the three stages. In the early stage of the development of science and technology, science and technology gradually emerged in the course of human’s conquest and transformation of nature. Because the early mankind was in awe of nature, the recognition for outstanding scientists also showed the features of religion and mythology. In ancient Greece, the recognition demonstrated the science of philosophical speculation; in ancient Roman, applied technological sciences; in the Middle Ages, the experienced wrong type of science. Due to the lack of social competition mechanisms, continuous mechanisms of competition, exchange and cooperation did not appear in science and technology, therefore, this kind of scientific mode of production developed slowly. In small science stage, Galileo founded modern science with the scientific mode of production combined mathematical logic and observation experiment. With the establishment of the Royal Society, science was gradually recognized by the society and developed. The development of democratic system of capitalism and industry and commerce exacerbated the social competition, which promoted the development and competition of science and technology. With the establishment of French Academy of Sciences and German universities, scientists gradually realized professionalization, thus producing more scientific knowledge, which promoted the development of the Second Industrial Revolution. In the big science phase, under the interaction of the fierce competition of science and technology and society, the recognition mechanisms for outstanding scientists also presented diversified development. This paper also systematically analyzes the influence and function of the recognition mechanisms for outstanding scientists in the course of transfer of the world science center.Finally, combined with the development history and theoretical research of the recognition mechanisms for the world outstanding scientists, the paper systematically studies China’s academician system and national science and reward system——two forms of recognition for China’s outstanding scientists, concretely analyzes the problems in the mechanisms and puts forward the suggestions for further sound policies. In a word, based on the history development and theoretical analyses of the recognition mechanisms for outstanding scientists and with the correlation between the recognition mechanisms for outstanding scientists and the development of science and technology as the starting point, the paper systematically investigates the influence of the recognition mechanisms for outstanding scientists and social development on the progress of science and technology and the social development. The paper thoroughly analyzes the correlation between China’s academician system and national science reward system with the application of scientific metrology, pointing out the achievements and deficiency in the process of the recognition mechanisms for outstanding scientists, which provides policy suggestions based on theoretical research and data analyses for how to establish rational scientific institution and the recognition mechanisms for outstanding scientists.