Study On The Rural Economy Of Dongting Lake Area In The Period Of Nanjing National Government

The purpose of this paper is to provide a area sample on the macroscopic rural economic history study. Because the macro general rules root in individual regions, regional studies contribute to macro research foundation. In view of the study of rural economy during the period of Nanjing national government in Dongting Lake area is weak, this paper not only helps to enrich the connotation of the rural economy in Hunan province, can also tamp the base of national rural economic history study. At the same time, this paper provide reference to understand the modern Hunan rural economy.This paper consists of8parts.For the bedding, the introduction part explains the reason of selected topic, subject investigated, Study period, research status, Research ideas, the topic, cited datum, and so on.The first chapter introduce the flat terrain topography of Dongting Lake area, vast delta soil and polder, abundant water resources, miscellaneous immigrant society all around, both pure&diligent and wasteful, both enterprising and negative world-weary, both realistic and fetishistic, its dual impact on rural economic development of Dongting Lake area.The second chapter mostly discuss the current of shorten farmland and the price’rise and fall about Dongting Lake area. To lay out the basic status of its agricultural production conditions, this part narrate the small scale of operation, the humble and lack on the dead stock, the difference of the class and the estate, the roll on the quantitative of the farm cattle.The third chapter mostly analyse the current of slow concentration about the rural land ownership, the difference of the possession of land in different zones. As a result of the various land use forms, the prevail tenancy relationship and a large number of farmland rental on the fair and another part of the country, land use is relatively decentralized in Dongting Lake area.The fourth chapter mostly expatiate the simple process and contract of the rural land tenancy in Dongting Lake area. The tenancy period is not specified but actually very long. The rent of per mu is about200kilograms, rental rate is53%. With the Nanjing national government monetary policy changes, the foregift form experience the copper, silver to legal money to rice, the foregift is aggravating trend. The flexible foregift type is make up of the general, the light foregift and heavy rent, the heavy foregift and light rent, etc.The fifth chapter mostly study on the number, types, characteristics and its influence factors of the village fair in Dongting Lake area. The market development is "the development trend of the parabolic" type.the number of markets reach the peak in20-30age,1936to1948, the overall decrease. The influencing factor consist of war, bank, waterway, landway, flood. The rural market is divided into three categories:agricultural and sideline products general market, agricultural and sideline products professional market, agricultural and sideline products and industrial consumer goods exchange transfer market. In the spatial distribution:mainly tree distribution, gradually to the linear distribution; the periodicity; the seasonal; mainly in agricultural and sideline products, and gradually to the agricultural and sideline products and industrial consumer goods; mainly in regional circulation; foreign little influence.The sixth chapter mostly discuss the sources, farm debt rate, loans forms, loan interest changes of private lending in Dongting Lake area. The folk lending sources is narrow, mainly private lending; peasant debt rate assumes the trend of "low-high-low", shows the poverty of farmers. loans forms is various, mainly to the cash borrowing and lending borrowing. Interest rate consist of cash borrowing interest rate and grain lending rates, the logroll’hehui’debit and credit rates is additional.The seventh chapter mostly discuss the structure and level of family income of farmers in Dongting Lake area. Farm income consist of agricultural and sideline section, dominated by farming income. Ancillary revenue give priority to breed livestock, spinning and weaving, knitting, collect firewood. The farm income to total revenue ratio is different in the different area. The average per family income near3800pounds of rice, higher than the province’s average level. Farm income differences in "Pyramid structure", the landlords, rich peasants income level is the highest. Agricultural production cost including the fees of seeds, fertilizer, cattle, tools, employment cost and incidentals, in which mainly to the employees, fertilizer. Production costs per mu of the landlords and rich peasants is much higher than the middle peasants, the poor peasants. Farm life consumption expenditure by landlords, rich peasants, the poor peasants gradually decline, the same class but also different. The consumption of rice is the most, the average is about250kg, accounting for about70%-80%of total. Other expenses include rent, gift, sacrifice, sick, weddings and funerals, building, the education of children, pay ones debt, oil cost expenditure, accounting for8%of total revenue. Tax expenditure including tax and all kinds of exorbitant tax levies, especially in the field tax,’di’fee. Tax expenditure as a percentage of household agricultural income ratio,12.66%in1936,14.64%in1948. Overall, the state farm is run behind one’s expenses balance, farmer life is more and more poorer.