| Sanjiangyuan region is an ecological barrier of the ecological environmental security and regional sustainable development in the middle and lower reaches of Chinese rivers and south-east Asian nations, however in recent decades, grassland vegetation of Sanjiangyuan region serious degraded by the twofold influences of the global climate change and human activities,which led to nourishing capacity of source water diminished sharply, and which directly threatened the environmental security of the Yangtze river, Yellow River basin and south-east Asian nations. Since2005, Chinese government began to implement the ecological migration and limiting grazing grassland in Sanjiangyuan region to alleviate the situation of grassland degradation, and gradually restore and protect the ecological environment. The ecological protection and compensatory work for Sanjiangyuan region has been carried on for more than7years, the grassland vegetation and the marshy ecological environment have acquired recovery and improvement in some degree, but at the same time, some problems have appeared that impact ecological economy and social harmony, stability and healthy development, which depend on the local grassland resources to live, the main economic subject of Sanjiangyuan region-herdsman, their well-being and development is one of the most pressing problem. The ecological protection of Sanjiangyuan region depends on herdsman’s active response, support and participation, however the herdsman willing to participate in ecological protection plan provided that the well-being of the herdsman does not drop or get scientific and reasonable compensation. In the case of the compensation is not enough or the compensation mechanism is not perfect, herdsman participate behavior of the ecological protection will likely reduce their income and greatly impact their life, many herdsman will even face to threat of poverty, these don’t accord to fair and sustainable developmental principle, and it is easy to frustrate enthusiasm that herdsman participate the ecological protection program, even affect the speed and efficiency of grassland ecological restoration and protection in Sanjiangyuan region. Therefore, to research herdsman’s well-being connotation and the changing situation of in the ecological protection,toherdsman’s well-being improvement as the goal to establish the compensation standard and adjust the compensation mechanism, and encourage herdsman to Continued participate behavior of the ecological protection, which are very important to eventually continue to promote the ecological protection to carry out the latter part of the Sanjiangyuan region,and is crucial to maintain social and economic sustainable development. This paper combine welfare economics theory and the core idea of Millennium Ecosystem Report, defined the connotation of human well-being in ecosystem services changes, evaluate and analyse herdsman’s well-being changes.By stating the meaning of the well-being on the basis of Sen’s capability framework, It Revealed that, The connotation of the human well-being on ecosystem services was the Freedom of choice and capability of the human, poverty was Capability and development of the human to be limited. Ecosystem degradation or destruction will seriously threat to human well-being, particularly involved well-being of the poor. We should focus on the human well-being of the poor who depended on ecosystem services, and effectively implement the ecological compensation through the internalization of external effects, to stimulate the behavior of the ecological protection, and then to realize a win-win between ecological proted and human well-being improved. This paper made the herdsman in the grassland ecological protection as research object, respectively gave an example for the ecological migration in Sanjiangyuan grassland and the herdsman who were limited to graze for grassland, to analyse nine functional indexes in different kinds of herdsman participate the behavior of the ecological protection, they are life, health, safety, social relations, environment, social adaption, liberty, and happiness. It combine with maslow’s demand theory of hierarchy to determine the importance of different grade function, and deem that among the well-being of each function is the progressive type, the realized degree of the low level function will promote the realization of the high level function. Last, to respectively evaluate the well-being change situation between beginning and end for immigrants in Sanjiangyuan region and herdsman who were limited to graze in participating the behavior of eco-protection. Some studies indicated that the immigrant well-being levels have declined after participating the behavior of ecological protection, it mainly due to the loss of herdsman’s right for using grassland that lead to reduce their income, their freedom is affected in using resource and participating environmental management, immigrant geographical and blood relationship that are formed in grazing life, this relationships are divided that make the supporting function in social relationship to decline, and the survival skills of immigrants did not get promoted which affected the realization of the high level function such as social adaptation, happiness etc. On the contrary, the herdsman’s well-being levels have slightly increased after participating limited graze, although herdsman’s income had a certain falling, such as residential conditions and health care etc various functional promotion that make different functions such as life, health, safety, social relations, and environment have greatly improvement, and the herdsman’s restrictions are less than immigrant in using the right of grassland, and the herdsman didn’t have large scale migration, so the damage for the ability of social adaptation is not obvious, and then the herdsman’s well-being levels has slight increase. Obviously, herdsman’s income levels are certainly influenced through they participated in the behavior of ecological protection, on the one hand, when their income levels can sustain daily living requirements, and other well-being functional improvement can make well-being levels improve in a certain extent; On the other hand, while their income levels are visibly descend, and their other living abilities are not improved and other well-being functions are not implemented, so herdsman’s well-being often obvious drop, even can fall into pauperization. As a result, the herdsman’s income ability among in the behavior of ecological protection and other well-being functions are important ingredients, which should be emphasized, and compensated, especially, on the basis of lower level well-being function such as welcome is compensated, we should focus on compensation and ascension for the high level function such as freedom and living reality etc.This paper analyzed the herdsman’s well-being equilibrium of the ecological protection in Sanjiangyuan region, the results indicate that if don’t want to make the herdsman’s well-being decline, we must improve the compensation standard and reduce herdsman’s dependence for grassland resources. Therefore, on the base of improving the compensation standard, we need to consider how to create employment opportunities through transformation of regional economic developmental pattern and structural adjustment, to strengthen herdsman’s employment skills and feasible ability through improving the herdsman’s cultural educational level, professional skill training etc, and make the herdsman obtain more economic income in their own efforts and with the help of the government by the living transformation of non-grazing livelihood means and other more kinds of management approach. Only in this way can herdsman gradually reduce dependence and utilization for grassland, so to fundamentally achieve the ecological environment protection, and then to form the virtuous cycle between the raise of herdsman’s feasible ability and the ecological environment improvement.After literature analysis, this paper took ecological compensation as an important mechanism for poverty alleviation. Only if we formulate the ecological compensation standards based on ecological protection behavioral intentions and well-being loss, clearly defined the ecological protection responsibility of stakeholders and region, and built a scientific ecological compensation mechanism, can we achieve welfare equilibrium, guide the herdsman to active participatory protection, and truly achieve the win-win situation of ecological protection-improved human well-being-sustainable development. Based on the climate factor data from2002to2010in Sanjiangyuan region, this paper simulated the change of NPP of Sanjiangyuan region for the past ten years after protecting grassland ecological, and accounted the grassland ecosystem service value of the counties in Sanjiangyuan region after2005. The studies showed that the ecological service function of Sanjiangyuan region declined slowly at first and then rose gradually from2005to2010, which showed the restoration and protective behaviors had taken into effect, grassland ecosystem of Sanjiangyuan region was gradually restoring and improving; The added value of ecological protection effectiveness in Sanjiangyuan region showed great regional differences:the grassland ecosystem recovery was slow in the region with relatively high altitude, bad climate and severe degradation, and the region with the greatest increase was Gande County, whose added value of grassland ecosystem service was10.860thousand yuan/km2, but Tanggula village and Qumalai County was only2,210thousand yuan/km2and6,370yuan/km2repectively, with the minimum amount; in the past five years since protection in2005, the added value per unit area in Sanjiangyuan region was9,020thousand yuan/km, and added value of grassland conservation benefits was regarded as an incentive compensation standard to inspire the herdsman protect the ecological environment.This paper calculated the practical and theoretical loss of income (opportunity cost) and the cost of participation because the grass resource use rights was prohibited or restricted when the herdsman of Sanjiangyuan region participated in ecological protection. The loss of the well-being of herdsman should theoretically be compensated in order to maintain the well-being balance. The loss of actual opportunity costs were42.846thousand yuan/household and16.478thousand yuan/household for the immigrants and herdsman in Sanjiangyuan region. The average participation cost was3001.63yuan/hm2for the herdsman in Sanjiangyuan region based on the theoretical stocking rate of grass, and the average loss of opportunity cost was750.458yuan/hm2. Due to the different altitude, different degree of grassland degradation and different transport accessibility, the counties in Sanjiangyuan region showed great differences in participation costs and opportunity costs, so compensation content and standards should be different too.Based on consumer surplus theory and externality theory,combined with the herdsman’s willingness to participate in eco-protection behavior, we analyzed herdsman’s the minimum compensation standards which make the herdsman willing to participate in eco-protective behaviors and to avoid the well-being damaged.It shows that. Approximately66.7%of the herdsman expressed their willingness to participate in eco-protection behavior, An important guarantee which Herdsman’s probability of participate in eco-protective behaviors was increased, was the Herdsman’s well-being will at least does not decrease. If herdsman has more opportunity of regional jobs, more abundant diversification of lilvelihood, High level of external awareness of ecological protection, they would be more willingness to participate in ecological protection response. This reveals that,the key to promote the herdsman energeticly participate in ecological protection response, is herdsman could be sharing the external benefits of ecological protection, Promote the herdsman level of diversification of livelihoods and enhance the level of employment of the herdsman. The migration’s willingness to accept which based on the mean and median compensation, amounted to12.886thousand yuan/household and20.5668thousand yuan/household. The grazing restricted herdsman’s willingness to accept which based on the mean and median compensation, amounted to6.733thousand yuan/household and11.4316thousand yuan/household. The migration’s WTA is higher than restrict grazing herdsman’s WTA, the reason is that, compared with the restrict grazing herdsman, Immigration’s well-being was Suffered of relatively higher losses and their grassland use rights was limited in a larger extent.In this paper, using the administrative divisions of each county as spatial boundaries of payment for ecosystem services and taking the degree of payment for ecosystem services, We divided the priorities of the compensation area and explored the regional compensation standards and development models, based on the Ecological Restoration effective and compensation efficient,calculated the priority degree of payment for ecosystem services, and conbined the difficulty of grassland ecological rehabilitation and degradation. Zaduo County, Dari and Madoi were classified as priority compensation area, which has Conservation benefits increased the most obvious and priority to the highest degree, The region to achieve ecological protection through ecological migrants, the feature of migrants s compensation standards was incentive and the highest one, the value of compensation standards was summation of the ecological conservation benefits added and the participation cost, and standards shuould not be less than the minimum willingness to accept compensation amount, that is20.5668thousand yuan/household.Tanggula township, Chengduo county and Zhiduo county were designated as key protection compensation, which has the lowest priority and the most difficult of ecology restore, the region also should enforce ecological migrants to achieve ecological protection. Characteristic of migrants’s compensation standards was encouraged and compensated, the vaule of migrants’s compensation standards was summation of the ecological conservation benefits added and the implementation cost, it also should be more than20.5668thousand yuan/household. Jiuzhi county, Banma county, the Qumalai county, Yushu county were classified as secondary compensation areas, which has the second priority and impose restrictions on grazing to achieve ecological protection, the herdsman’s compensation standards was summation of the ecological conservation benefits added and the opportunity cost, it also should be more than11.4316thousand yuan/household. Regions of third priority defined as potential compensation areas, which could be restricted grazing and in the proper development of the green economy, in order to improve the well-being of the herdsman and relaize ecological and economic sustainable development. In the case of sufficient funds, the herdsman’s compensation standards should be summation of the ecological conservation benefits added and the transaction costs.Aim to optimize the well-being of herdsman, it not only Proposed that herdsman’s loss of economic income and well-being function all should be compensated, but also verified the Sustainable and motivating compensation standards, by raising the compensation standards and implementing differentiated compensation to improve the well-being of the herdsman, and then to enhance the herdsman’s enthusiasm and initiative of taking participate in eco-protection, and realized that the economic sustainable be developmented and social well-being be maximized in Sanjiangyuan regions. |
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