Research (1901-1911) Man-Han Relations Late Qing Dynasty Years

The relationship between Manchu and Han is so crucial since the Qing dynasty was established by Manchu. The object of this paper is "The relation of Manchu-Han at the last decade of Qing dynasty". Mainly from the perspective of ethnic relations, especially in Chinese modern ethnic history, this paper mainly exploring the contradiction between the historical development process, focuses on the interaction between Political practice and the construction of ideal theory. This issue is a very important academic and social significance, worth for further research and discussion.This paper mainly consisted by introduction, body, and conclusion. Body is discussed by5chapters.Introduction, mainly discuss the meaning of this paper; Literature Review, research methods and my basic points.The first chapter, reviews the development of Manchu-Han relation from the beginning to the last decade of Qing dynasty. Man-Han relation has become the most crucial social and political issue the last decade of Qing dynasty. Before the modern time, Manchu Empire continues the historical tradition of multi-ethnic "grand unification". As times change and social transformation, Manchu-Han relations with the new changes, like the history of Modern China, Centralization declined, the local power enhanced, till the last decade of Qing dynasty, it has become one of the public issue.The second chapter, emphasizes on the Man-Han relation during the last decade of Qing dynasty. It was appeared as a ethnic relation at first, reflected on the Revolution, Improvement, Preliminary constitutionalism and other historical conflicts. This chapter uses "Min Newspaper" of the United League of China;"Xin Min Cong Bao" of reformists and the "Da Tong Newspaper" of the Manchu students who were studying in Japan."Min Newspaper" was the mouthpiece of revolutionaries; they claimed the difference between Manchu and Han on the bias of driving out the Manchu."Xin Min Cong Bao" is the official newspaper of the reformists, they advocated that Manchu has been assimilated with Han. Manchu students who were studying in Japan invasive "Da Tong Newspaper", they believed that Man-Han people were equal, Manchu and Han issues are political issues. Then, these three groups’discussions on Manchu-Han relations were not the same. In fact, these discussions are a combination of Western nation-state theory of cognitive and specific historical practice confluence in modern China, mainly discuss the Manchu-Han issue on the level of "Nation-state","ethnic group" and Politic.The third chapter:Manchu-Han relation was not only unlimited to the ideological and theoretical level, but also being manifested in the political practice of the process of constructing. And then, after Preliminary constitutionalism,"Royal cabinet" and "Railway nationalism", Manchu-Han relation has been twisted into these serious issues and has been treated as the most important evaluating factor. The last decade of Qing Empire was on a dangerous situation. They wanted to solve this problem, but since their limitation, so called "flat" and "harmony" had not been implemented well, they were overthrown by the "Revolution of1911".The fourth chapter:at the last decade of Qing dynasty, the regulation in the Judicial Reform has become a very crucial issue to solve Manchu-Han problem."Unified law for Man and Han" and "Royal family conducted law" made Manchu-Han relations further legalization in order to promote the legal process of modernization under the circumstance of the transformation of the nation-state.The fifth chapter:from the "Wu Chang uprising" to " the republic of China", and then to "the Qing emperor abdicated ", is an important part of modern Chinese state transformation of its ethnic relations in the building process. From the perspective of the revolutionaries, the Revolutionary Party in practice by the racist behavior of the local switched to "republic of five nationalities". From the point of Qing Government, as the referee, they did not carry out western ethnic theory but fighting and compromising. Manchu-Han relations in the last decade of Qing Dynasty ended with the Qing court’s destruction. However, Manchu-Han relations didn’t die out, it come with the national political accompanied. Manchu-Han relations continue to develop in the historical process of China, as one of the contradiction of the Chinese ethnic relations.To sum up, the relationship between Manchu and Han is an important level and content in the ethnic relations History of modern China. The core is still a political issue; belong to the modern China’s developments. History is complex, and changes in the movement of contradictions. In this process, changes, impacts, as well as the role of the Manchu-Han relations worthy of academic studying and researching.