Compensation Modes Of Arableland Protection During The Process Of Urbanization In China

Urbanization are an inevitable ways of social development, which not only drive the reformation and development of economy, society and politics, but also result in the changes of population structure, employment structure, ecological environment issues; arableland conversion is the direct effect of urbanization. China is in stage from the "agriculture-fill work" to "industry nurturing agriculture" with economic and urbanization, industrialization process transition period of rapid development, on the one hand, arable conversion provides the land security for economic development; on the other hand, because of the number of arableland decreasing and quality declining have triggered a series of social, economic and ecological problems. However, consideration of the loss of arableland is indispensable natural resource urbanization; and it is a kind of irreplaceable valuable natural resources, which not only has the value of the market economy, but also contains a service of the ecological environment. So, having a reasonable number of arableland resources are directly related to the stability of a country and the sustainn(?)e development of social economy. Based on the basic national conditions of "large population and little arableland", China has developed the world’s most stringent arableland protection systems and formulated a series of measures to intervene and control the process of arable conversion, which protectionism had from the "basic state policy" to "lifeline", and the "lifeline" to the impassable "red line". In fact, through analyzing the our country’s city development process and future development trend, we can found that China will be in the presence of arableland conversions for a long period of time, the decline in arableland will not have a fundamental change. We can also find the fact that the system of arableland protection is not perfect and there are short of economic compensation mechanism about arableland protection in China. So the arableland in the allocation of resources have serious market failure and government failure. The essential reasons of excessive loss that result from the market are fragmentary system of resource value and distorted arable land resource price, which result in ignoring the latent expense of land resource that has ecological and social value during the arable land conversion. Basing on the conclusion, the system of arableland non-market value was proposed, and with reference to the principle of local regional differences in adaptation, we choose some certain estimation methods in order to account for non-market value of the land resources. Then, through adopting the method of case analysis, using the results from calculation play a role during building the arableland protection mechanism for the study of theoretical and empirical basis.In the first two chapters of the paper, the study of the research background, research contents, research progress, and the structure of the thesis, research methods, data sources and related basic concepts are introduced. And arable land protection and compensation mechanisms etc during the process of urbanization in China and abroad are reviewed and commented also.Then, the process of China’s urban land resource protection and the relationship between the grim situation was analysised. The arableland protection system, the economic compensation policies and implementation results are introduced. We reshape the non-market value system and calculation method of evaluation about arable land resources in next chapter. The main contents are selecting the areas to account the non-market value of arableland resources and building up some economic compensation models of arableland protection on this accounting conclusion in next two chapters. In the non-market value of arableland resources accounting in this paper, the non-market value of arableland resources in typical western regions including Chongqing and Chengdu in2010, the period from1997to2011and the five functional areas of Chongqing are accounted as the examples. Conclusively, the Chongqing was an empirical analysis from building economic compensation models of arableland protection.The conclusions are obtained as follows:(1) At present, China is still in the process of urbanization rapidly and at the expense of the primary stage of development with the consumption arableland resource. Then, the seriousness of the situation arableland protection are mainly as follows:The number of China’s arableland decreased by a relatively slow speed up the transformation of the situation, but the average annual decline in the absolute amount is still larger from1996. The main factors of arableland resource decrease are construction land occupation, agricultural restructuring, ecological restoration and disaster destroyed arableland. So, the phenomenon exist that taking against predatory exploitation of arableland has not been effectively improved, and taking up more and more high-quality arableland or occupy a lot of land just to be idle in the past during the process of arableland reduction in China, while the status that the quality of arableland also dropped sharply can not be ignored. At the same time, the urban and rural residents with increasing urbanization have made a better standard of living and thereby causing the ever expanding demand for land. Thirdly, a large number of high quality arableland were occupied for construction and the quality of arableland had decline significantly with the development of urbanization and industrialization. In addition, urbanization has caused great changes that the regional distribution structure of arableland resource have a drastic change because having a high level of urbanization development areas always are the partition areas of high quality arableland in our country.(2) Arableland not only has the function of economic output, but also has a number of important ecological and social service function, those function of the arableland will be more and more attention with the development of economic and society. Meanwhile, to protect the sustainable use of land resources in a reasonable and sustainable economic development, providing a variety of ecological response arableland social service function value of currency estimates, and which as an important reference gradually into the market system. So, the paper constructed the system of non-market value about arableland resource from the three value subjects including the country, the urban residents and farmers, and the estimation results of arableland of non-market value are put into economic compensation models of arableland protection as an important reference, Which is advantageous for the people to acknowledge universally the non-market value of arableland resource.(3) Estimating known arable through monetization of social services to provide greater value ecological, and with some regional differences in different areas. The results about the won-market value of arableland resources estimates of Chongqing and Chengdu in2010, Chongqing from1997to2011and different city function areas are as follows:Firstly, through the period from1997to2011in Chongqing non-market value of the land resource estimate, we can found those results:First of all, the social security function value is higher than the value of ecosystem services, and the social values have a generally fluctuating ramp trend. The second, the ecological service value of higher percentage have also a larger part, arranging as follows from high to low: the nutrient cycle function value (about86.72%of the total value of the ecological services, increase of23.53%), purifying environment function value (about6.67%of the total value of the ecological services, increase of23.41%) and atmospheric mediation function value (about5.70%of the total value of the ecological services, increase of12.92%). Then, the social security value of each component proportion have some changes during from1997to2011:the proportion of average value in basic life safeguard decline sharply from50.06%to35.60%, the average value decreased to13.00%; the proportion of average value in grain security feature increase to32.48%from32.48%, the average value of83.15%rise; the proportion of average value in unemployment insurance decline slightly to17.46%from15.77%, the average value rise of10.50%.Secondly, the non-market value of the unit of arableland resources in Chongqing and Chengdu are1,144,900Yuan/ha and1,777,100Yuan/ha, including ecosystem service value, social security value and food security value in unit of arableland in Chongqing are256,100Yuan/ha,486,600Yuan/ha and402,100Yuan/ha, and the proportion of the those value in the non-market value of arableland are22.37%,42.50%and35.12%; Meanwhile, ecosystem service value, social security value and food security value in unit of arableland in are420,625Yuan/ha,789,200Yuan/ha and567,300Yuan/ha, the proportion of the those value in the non-market value of arableland are23.67%,44.41%and31.92%. Ecosystem service value, social security value and food security value in unit of arableland in Chongqing are lower than those values of Chengdu. The unit of arableland non-market value, ecosystem service value, social security value and food security value in Chongqing are respectively64.43%,63.50%,61.66%and70.88%corresponding to four kinds of values of measuring results in Chengdu. Thirdly, the results about the arableland non-market value of Chongqing’s five functional are as follows:First of all, compared with the results from non-market value of arableland in Chongqing, the arableland non-market value of Central city nine area (including the functions of urban core area and urban development zone), city development zone, Chongqing northeast ecological conservation development area and ecological development of the southeast of Chongqing area are respectively234.85%,98.35%,68.54%and62.82%. The second, the total arable land ecosystem service value of Chongqing, central city nine area (including the functions of urban core area and urban development zone), city development zone, Chongqing northeast ecological conservation development area and ecological development of the southeast of Chongqing are respectively625.729billion Yuan,157.35billion Yuan,2062.81billion Yuan respectively,3032.01billion Yuan and1162.02billion Yuan. The last, the Chongqing northeast ecological conservation development area are city development zone, ecological protection zones or of the southeast of Chongqing city nine area (including the urban function and core of urban development zone) of1.47times,2.61times and19.27times.Therefore, protection of arableland in constructing economic compensation modes should focus on putting special emphasis on protection the farmer’s value demand and the areas of having bigger contribution in arableland non-market value.(4) In the end, the authors establish three models of arableland protection economic compensation including the rural social security combining with monetary compensation, investment projects combining with monetary compensation and arableland protection responsibility target different dispensing combining with monetary compensation. Then the conclusions through analysis in Chongqing are as follows:Three models are difficult to choice because them have advantages and inadequate factors, through combining with the practical point of view of Chongqing, the two modes of investment projects combining with monetary compensation and arableland protection responsibility target different dispensing combining with monetary compensation are recommended to use. In addition to this conclusion, the viewpoint that only one mode of arableland protection can not be suitable for in the east, central and western of China was proposed. We should choose properly the model of arableland protection economic compensation combining with regional characteristics and economic and social development level.Finally, based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forwards some useful policy measures to improve the effectiveness of arable land resources protection, correct the excessive consumption of arable land resources, including:reunderstanding of arable land value, and bring the non-market value into economic compensation system; according to regional realities, and gradually implemented in the country’s arable land resources differentiated economic compensation mechanism; clearly the main functional urban zoning and optimize the regional pattern of land development, to achieve the efficiency balance between urbanization and arable land conversion.