| Environmental pollution is a problem for any one country (region) in the process of industrialization are bound to face, due to differences in economic and social structures and public policy in different countries (regions) difficulties encountered in the environment and governance is difficult, but different. Industry leading country experiences and lessons have shown that pollution will also affect the survival and development. On the one hand, the health damage caused by pollution will accelerate the depreciation of human capital, on the other hand, pollution also affects the speed and quality of economic development through other channels. The effect of pollution is not only a total issue, but also a structure and distribution. From a practical perspective, pollution is a matter of efficiency and fairness of major public issues.The moment, the cumulative load of Chinese environment has reached a critical point, and the grim situation of the difficult repair has been fully revealed (China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development,2014), and the economic development presents a "three overlay" (growth rate shift period, structural adjustment pains, pre-stimulus digestion period) features which is further exacerbated by the complexity of environmental governance, making the need to intensify scientific balance environmental protection and economic development, social stability and environmental governance process in between relationship. As regulations and policies of environmental protection policies in important part, it is recognized as polluting "killer", but was thought to affect economic growth, productivity and employment, distribution, etc., to carry out environmental regulation must be balanced by the "pollution" and "development" relationship. It is further noted that the situation is worsening environmental pollution in China and "administrative means based governance structure and governance mechanism as the main government mechanisms to excessive decentralization system of governance based" highly correlated with economic restructuring Compared to long-term, China’s environmental problems to be solved immediately, and for public policy to adjust the structure of the governance mechanism innovation, transform the governance system seems imminent.In the analysis and summary of China’s environmental quality changes and the evolution of governance based on the assessment of the health effects of the economic effects and a fair distribution of environmental quality from the two dimensions of efficiency and equity; On this basis, the introduction of environmental regulation and decentralization variables to assess the environmental Regulation of the series of environmental, economic and social effects; and finally, the introduction of social capital mechanism to discuss interaction and effect of state, market and society dimensional governance mechanism. The conclusion and the optimal path include:(1) On the basis of the overlapping generations model of Blanchard (1985),this paper examines how pollution affects economic growth, and optimal growth of balanced growth path by the negative impact of environmental pollution through health. The impact of environmental factors on the optimal long-term growth can be explained by the impact of pollution on life expectancy, environmental health risks can be mitigated by education and health to a certain extent. Based on the theoretical analysis, Using 1992-2011 data of China’s 28 provinces, through system GMM difference GMM method to overcome the impact of endogenous basis, this paper examine the impact of environmental pollution on health and economic growth, empirical studies confirm the theoretical analysis of reliability. This suggests that the expense of rapid economic growth through certain environmental pollution may not be persistent, excessive pollution will drag and hinder economic growth, economic development and health costs of environmental pollution is an important reference standard for comprehensive assessment of the quality of economic development of the. In this regard, it should establish the concept of sustainable development of "protecting the environment is to protect productivity, improve the ecological environment is the development of the productive forces", while strengthening environmental education, universal health knowledge environment, continuing to enhance the level of health services.(2) Combined with the existing literature and Overlapping generations model construction, the paper proposed "Environmental Health Poverty" trap problem. We organically nested individual feature data with cities pollution data, using the generalized multi-linear regression model,finding that pollution is an important transmission mechanism of the socio-economic status affecting the health and inequality, due to the different socio-economic status and the ability to circumvent environmental pollution will lead to difference of the level of exposure and health effects, exacerbating health inequalities and becoming a new source of social inequality. On this basis, with pollution epidemiology health burden estimates and Economic Valuation Methods, estimating the economic burden of health 2003-2010 China 112 focused on urban air pollution, regional and inter-regional inequality in the distribution of the contribution, The more backward economic development, the more heavier burden of pollution health, and showing a clear regressive distribution,the contribution to Inter-regional inequality is 1.33% -9.919%. By use of simultaneous equations model of provincial panel data,further validation and interpretation of the health effects of pollution by inequalities between urban and rural areas within the region. Based on the seriousness of the pollution "pro-poor" and the pollution of the situation, we face a "pollution health poverty" trap risk in the process of China accelerated industrialization and urbanization.(3) In the face of steady growth & anti-pollution, the effectiveness of environmental regulation policy even determine the adjustment, optimization & upgrading of economic structure. This is the first time used as a natural experiment in 2003 by the State Council’s air quality "the deadline compliance" system, using the difference in difference method based on trend score matching to assess the "win-win" effect & its institutional heterogeneity, & robustness tests confirmed the reliability of conclusions. This study find:environmental regulation in the short term will reduce pollution & improve environmental quality, but will be uncertain & repeated in the long-term; Environmental regulation will reduce the technical progress & total factor productivity, but it will improve the environment total factor productivity, along with highlights of other economic & social effects of environmental regulation, negative effects on economic growth will gradually offset, achieving the "win-win" of environmental protection & economic development;Economic & social effects of environmental regulation arc enslaved to institutional environment in the region. The higher the degree of market, lower the proportion of state operated economy, stronger the financing constraints, higher the quality of government & social capital, the more obvious "reduce pollution" of environmental regulation will be, the weaker productivity distorted. This suggests that environmental regulation "reduce emissions & pollution" effect also affects even determines the "economic growth" effect, a good institutional environment can magnify the positive effects of environmental regulation & reduce negative effects.(4) The impact of environmental regulation on productivity has been the lack of empirical evidence from Chinese enterprises, especially micro-level internal mechanism of interpretation and Inspection. With the 2003 deadline for compliance key environmental protection cities regime implemented by the State Council as the identification of environmental regulation of quasi-experimental opportunity, Using a large sample of industrial enterprises microdata, adopt Double-difference methods to assess the impact of environmental regulation on business productivity. This study found:Compared to the standard urban enterprises, the implementation of the policy make non-compliance city corporate average TFP relative decline 1.96%, mainly due to reduced business innovation capability of the policy to a certain extent, increased the cost of the middle and no strengthening corporate financing constraints, but this adverse effects will diminish over time.Environmental regulation make the enter rate and quit of enterprises in the heavily polluting industries declining and rising, but did not bring industrial restructuring and enterprise-level resource allocation efficiency. This enterprises of established short, small-scale, non-state-owned enterprises as well as higher capital intensity, are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of environmental regulation, and the adverse impact of environmental regulation will be alleviate for this enterprises which are in in the region of high degree of market, good quality of government, a strong preference for green businesses. Difficult to find, Environmental regulation is indeed facing great economic cost, but that through market-oriented reforms, enhancement of the quality of government and the implementation of green finance policies can weaken its economic distortions, meanwhile For businesses, this paper shows that, along with environmental costs (the cost of) increasingly high and dominance, that reducing emissions to effectively control risk averse environment has increasingly become an important way to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.(5) The distinctiveness of environmental protection affair determines that fiscal federalism can not substitute for environmental federalism. Only through constructing index system which directly measures fiscal decentralization according to the inherent logic of environmental affair, can we objectively reveal the effect mechanism of environmental decentralization. In the perspective of environmental regulation, this paper reviews three stages of China’s environmental decentralization evolution, measuring the index of environmental, administrative, monitoring and inspecting decentralization with distribution data of environmental agency staff, describes the internal logic of decentralization index changes..On this basis, we examine the correlation between environmental decentralization and environmental pollution by using static and dynamic methods and dynamic spatial panel model. We find that, environmental, administrative, monitoring and inspecting decentralization have significant positive correlation with environmental pollution and environmental decentralization further lowers the incentive of environmental protection to local governments, which is much more significant in western area; with the decreasing environmental decentralization, its annual effect reduces from positive to negative, which demonstrates the significance and effectiveness of central government’s increasing intervention on environmental protection; We find a U-shaped relationship between environmental, monitoring decentralization and environmental pollution and an inverted U-shaped relationship between administrative, inspecting decentralization and environmental pollution, which shows that conferring limited environmental management and monitoring authority to local governments and conferring full environmental administration and inspection authority to local governments would help to improve environmental protection affair. Pushing forward the structural reform of environmental management and construct the incentive and restraint mechanism are important institutional foundation to ensure the increasing improvement of environmental protection and management.(6) To what extent social capital influence the development of public utilities is an unresolved, important theoretical propositions and policy confusion. This paper take the increasingly intensified and environmental issues of China as object, proposing three basic hypotheses between social capital, institutional environment and environmental management performance, using structural equation MIMIC method to estimate level of social capitalof 186 cities in 2004-2011, Using a variety of quantitative analysis and testing methods, Empirical investigation of the impact of social capital on environmental governance performance as well as non-linear relationship, based on government and market-oriented index estimates obtained,further examination of the institutional environment how to adjust the effect of environmental governance of social capital.The paper find:(1) social capital is generally in favor of environmental governance,, particularly in social trust and communication (networks and organizations) the most obvious social effects; (2) There docs exist nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship between social capital and environmental governance, social capital exists a moderate level; (3) the impact of social capital on the environment are subject to government control of the quality and degree of market factors, the higher the quality of government and market-oriented, the greater the effect of social capital, environmental governance, while improving the quality of government brought about higher marginal effects of social capital on environmental governance. We believe that the current Chinese environmental governance process function of social capital mechanism remains to be the depth of excavation, the effect of social capital on environmental governance is dependent on both the social capital to enhance the level of social capital, social capital and more dependent on the environment in which the system matches the convergence.Therefore, we recommend:First, establish a "protecting the environment is to protect productivity, improve the ecological environment is the development of productive forces" concept; second, to effectively prevent and resolve the "Environmental Health Poverty Trap" risk, establish a market-oriented ecological compensation system and "pollution-health" compensation mechanisms; and thirdly, a comprehensive assessment of environmental regulation and weigh the costs and benefits of environmental regulation in the original gradually introduce market mechanisms, to build a market-oriented mechanism of environmental regulation system; fourth, decentralized type environmental management System need multi-linkage, namely environmental administrative system, supervision and monitoring of structural reform should be reform of convergence and make the appropriate supporting work; fifth, pay attention to and encourage social mechanisms play in environmental governance in more and larger effect, especially in remodeling and draw attention to the institutional environment. |
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