| Among the major factions of the Northern warlords, the only one crossed historical time of the Northern warlords era and the Kuomintang era was Feng. So, it has an important academic significance that the Feng local regime reigned by Peter H. L. Chang under the background of system transformation is been studied as the research object of my paper. In my paper, the empirical research methods based on a large of file is used, and seek to explore and restore the unknown history faces hidden in the old file.Before and after the Northeast Changing Flags, there was three the main political forces in the Northeast. In addition to Feng which actually control the Northeast, the other two forces were Kuomintang and the foreign forces such as Japan and the Soviet Union. So, in the Northeast, there were the tripartite relationship of the "KMT—Feng—Japan and the Soviet Union". Under the framework of the tripartite relationship, the following issues are mainly discussed:First is the operating mechanism of the Feng local regime in the Peter H. L. Chang era and the relationship with the Northeast local government. After the Huang Gutun incident, Feng established the Northeast security regime characterized by "using arms on behalf of the government". After the Northeast Changing Flags, the Northeast Administration Committee was established. Although the Feng local regime had experienced institutional transformation, this regime was still a military dictatorship. And the tradition means used by the Zhang Zuolin was still used to control the Northeast local government as well as no signs of loosening the rule base of the Feng local regime. It is clear that Feng is still remnants of tradition and factors of the old warlord so that the Party Rule System of KMT is difficult to successfully built up in the Northeast.Second is the relationship between the Feng local regime and KMT including the Nanjing National Government. After the Northeast Changing Flags, under the premise of national unity, both Feng and KMT maintained a "divide and conquer cooperation" pattern. On the Executive, in addition to formal unification, the Northeast and North China were practically controlled by Feng. On the Party Affairs, the Party Right was struggle between Feng and KMT so that KMT in the Northeast appeared double face of "Government Party" and "Secret Party". At the same time, Feng actively adjusted with KMT and the National Government. For example, to reform the Northeast as far as possible in accordance with the laws and regulations of the National Government in order to complete the process of removal of the characteristics of the Northern Warlords.Third is the diplomacy right of the Feng local regime and the foreign policy toward Japan and the Soviet Union as well as the effect. The same as the Northeast interior issue had always been intertwined with both KMT and the foreign powers such as Japan and the Soviet Union, the Northeast diplomatic issues also intertwined with the conflicts of the bilateral relations which occurred among KMT, Feng and the foreign powers such as Japan and the Soviet Union. Although the National Government was still tried its best to unify diplomatic right, the Feng local regime always had real diplomatic power. Because of the constraints of the National Government as well as facing different situation on Japan and Soviet Union diplomatic problems so that Feng’s policy decision happen to swing and errors on the problem whether and when to use actual diplomatic right. At last, the Northeast in which Feng had spent many money and years completely lost and Feng started to the end.Fourth is the formation, development and influence of the system of "Political Branch— Administration Committee". Taking advantage of the Northeast Changing Flags, the Political Branch System was given new life, integrated with the original Administration Committee system and forming a new Administration Committee system. At this point, the system of "Political Branch— Administration Committee" formed. From the Northern warlords era to the KMT era, from the revolutionary party to the ruling party, this local political system had played an important role in stabilizing local strength factions, establishing the KMT’s legitimacy, reunifying China and dealing with the crisis in North China.Through my study, it is found that facing the changes of the times and the institutional transformation, especially facing whose different interest requirements about the Northeast China that KMT including the Nanjing National Government, Japan and the Soviet Union, the Feng local government had the dual demands of living space and political space, and between the contest and game of the requirements and appeals, Feng and its local regime was evolving and changing, until towards disintegration and disappearance; facing the demand of national reunification and integration, KMT upgraded Administration Committee which was originally a temporary and transitional system to a official and permanent system, which made Nanjing National Government always maintain the reunification of China. |
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