A Study Of Tribute Grain Transport Troops In Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty,On the basis of inheriting the ancient water transport,the Qing government formed a new water transportation system according to its own nature and actual demand,which represents the highest level of ancient river water transport.As a grassroots group,the tribute to the grain transport army is the Qing government to belong to Wei served by the food transport taskor's name,which participated in the entire transport process,from grain and rice delivery to arrived in the warehouse,and then to the boat back to the south,the Links are all reflected in its shadow.It plays an important role in the circulation of goods between the north and the south,the formation of regional cultural beliefs and the dissemination of folk information along the canal.It has affected the changes of the water transport system and the development of regional social economy to a certain extent.Therefore,it is very important to study the relationship between the group and the state,and to explore the end of the river water transport,the evolution of the water transport policy and the loosening of the state control after the middle period.In particular,the Beijing-Hangzhou canal as a world cultural heritage and the existence of the transport of grain transport is not only conducive to show the canal style and ancient and modern changes in the process,but also a greater practical significance.The early Qing Dynasty,the Qing government adopted the measures such as reserving the grain transportation unit of the former dynasty and reconstructing the official system of grain transportation to consolidate the capital grain storage.On the other hand,the Qing government changed the army as a land to gradually weaken the military color of the Ming Dynasty.In the end,in addition to shoulder grain transportation,the Qing Dynasty transport units lost their original functions of military and defensive,and their internal "military service" also tended to be single with the reform of "administrative" Is its primary responsibility.Under special circumstances,although it served,but still serve the water transport.In order to meet the demands of the Qing Dynasty shipped in the Ming army,based on administrative means The scope of the selection of people to expand grain transport,grain transport unit of the Central Plains no movement of people to join the water transport,and re-definition of the grain transportation groups and names.Its carrier called the tribute grain transportation troops not only demonstrates the characteristics of the North Korea,but also implies that the nature of their identity still retains a strong military unit of the Ming Dynasty transport cereal breath.The thirty-five years of kangxi Dynasty,due to the lack of transport of grain,the Manchu regime to re-regulate the water transport regulation: each ship selected wealthy one,and the remaining nine hired sailors.The emergence of employment behavior so that the delivery of cereal soldiers gradually become the management of grain transport ship who played the role of the former masters of the water transport organizations,to further clarify the identity and status of water transport.But also reveals a certain sense of the military family family movement,inherited the role of the inherent characteristics.As a social group,tribute to the food transport troops and other groups as well as the constraints of policy changes in the system and practice at two levels,the Qing policy and attitude has always dominated the grain transport troops to show more cooperation or acceptance of the move Still the practice and implementation of the policy.This is the traditional imperial politics can not avoid the affairs of the mode of operation and operation,but also test the efficiency of the rulers and the government,for the mid-Qing Dynasty after the laying of hidden dangers of water transport.In addition,in the grain and ship transport and field allowance,etc.,the grain transport army there are private procedures,which is a spontaneous,there is a strong binding,access to official authorization after the private discussion,safeguarding the interests of the same time for the Qing government The extension of power and space reserved for space.Grain transport is a seasonal activity,by the hydrological,weather and other natural factors,accompanied by the transportation of food and social activities and trade exchanges also showed seasonal.In the course of transportation,the way of carrying the family with the people did not fade away the traditional mode of water carriage,but the provisions of the provisions of the soil to give its "business identity",and thus the formation of social networks and trade activities along the way,Greatly stimulated the town along the canal economy development,gave birth to the carrier "multiple" social role.Regardless of the role,subject to price hikes and other factors,the transporters are unable to solve their own fatigue problems.On the one hand continue to take piggyback,entrainment,stolen grain and other ways to meet the cost of spending along the way,on the other hand and appeal to the Qing government relief,but these temporary measures did not completely change the transport of food army tired of the time,both For a long time,this group is getting poorer.Forced by the transport pressure and the canal along the river culture of the dip,the group gradually breed a unique advocate worship culture.Not only the stern,such as drawing patterns,the internal worship hall shrine,and along the road to the temple have to pray,and even parked acting to worship gods.Correspondingly,the government of the Qing dynasty kept in the official will by faith in the temples and the temples of the gods,and at the same time promoted the development of its belief culture.The prosperous inward culture of the sacrifice rituals strengthens the identity and movement of grain carriers and forms a part of the water transportation culture of inland rivers.Sacrificial activities and parking acts and other acts so that the flag has the opportunity to contact all kinds of people,familiar with all kinds of information,do not consciously become the bearer of the transmission of folk information.In the process,the flow of commercial information such as the price of rice or rice increases the circulation of goods between the north and the south of the canal,or spreads false information for its own interests,becomes the object of government control,or hearsay,and rich and boring life.The importance of groups in the dissemination of folk information,but also shows the dissemination of folk information in the process,fast circulation,plasticity and other characteristics.In the development of the water transportation system,the policy of imperative style lacked flexibility and tension.Although the government of the Qing dynasty could only make up for the shortcomings,it could only solve the temporary water transportation difficulties.After the Jiaqing Dynasty,such as transportation congestion,grain ship freezing and other issues gradually serious.During the reign of Emperor Daoguang,under the pressure of transportation,the Qing government tried to carry out cereal shipping in the southern part of the province.Since then,the cereal transportation was intermittent until the end of the Qing Dynasty.After the sea transportation of grain and rice,the grain carriers who were parasitized in the inland river transport were in the "semi-unemployed" state.Although the resettlement measures were adopted by the Qing government,the large number of grain carriers still could not be settled,especially tens of thousands of sailors.Recruiting staff in the canal on both sides of food,increased in the late Qing social crisis.In addition,the struggle between the factions and the social conflicts in the river water transport industry also considered the ability of the Qing government to deal with the problems.With the system of corruption,the whole operation of the water transport system has become a sign of neglect,further intensifying the social contradictions.In the absence of complaints,the transport of grain often use the transport of water will be,went to Beijing was the control of the road.In order to resolve the crisis and improve the people's livelihood,after the mid-Qing Dynasty,a group of local elites with the main officials,scholars and aides as the main body gradually participated in the governance of water transport,or suggestions,or practice in practice to eliminate the long-standing disadvantages for scholars "Governance" provides space.These social policy highlights the reform of the sound,but also implies that the focus of the Qing power down,but these social strain eventually failed to curb the decline of water transport,in some cases,to become the end of river water transport to the end of the thrust.At the end of the Qing Dynasty,with the end of the transport of grain,the tribute grain transportation troops disappeared in the people's field of vision.On the whole,the tribute to the transport of grain in the Qing Dynasty society in the performance of many characteristics,which reveals the decline of the traditional river water transport process and the evolution of national coping mechanisms in the water transport system and the actual operation,as well as the central power and local power interaction game Many levels have played a different role,but also highlights its status and impact.In addition,the tribute to the transport of grain as a society of people,but also have the basic characteristics of the lower groups,the construction of social relations and differentiation,dispersion,etc.show the bottom of the social groups of life trajectory,but also to some extent show the community The process of change.