Study On The Metallurgic Industry In Ural Of Russia Between The Early 18th Century And The Early 20th Century

The research on the 18 to 20 th Century Russian Ural Metallurgical Industry facilitates revealing the development and characters of the modernization of Russia.The Ural region as the origin and center of Russia's metallurgy,plays an essential character in the development of world's industrial modernization.The development of metallurgy of Ural promotes the industrial innovation and the urbanization of Russia,simulate the new model of transportation,enhance the strength of Russian military power,and escalate the formation of the working class.Having research on the development of Russian metallurgy,from the perspectives of technology,labor power,transportation and market could reveal the relation between society,economic development,natural environment and technology.It has always been a blind field on the systematic research of the metallurgy of Russia,the researcher selects the black coal metallurgy as the research object,to provide a macrograph view of the trend of Russian industrial development,while to provide a micrograph systematic analysis of Russian Ural metallurgy,and to analyze the influence of Ural metallurgy comprehensively.The thesis is composed by the Introduction,the Content and the Conclusion.The Introduction introduces the research question,the necessity of research,the status quo of research dometically and internationally,methodology,innovation and shortcomings.Chapter I introduces the conditions of the development of Ural metallurgy.In order to provide a vivid view of how Ural metallurgy is orientated,the researcher analyzes from natural conditions,technology conditions and social conditions.By comparative study,as natural conditions,Ural was rich for iron stones,the ore horizon was easy to discover;the dense forest provided sufficient supplement of fuels;the hydrology of Ural provided water-transportation and water-power advantages.As to technology conditions,the long history of family iron workshop provided the foundation of modern metallurgy.As to social conditions,the national policy enhanced the factory building in Ural,the serfdom system provided sufficient labor supplement of Ural metallurgy.Chapter II analyzes the technology innovation of Ural metallurgy.The researcher interprets how techonolgy innovations influenced the development of Ural metallurgy.First,the innovation of power technology.At the beginning stage of metallurgy,water turbine as the main power carrier.At the end of the 18 th Century,the steamer changed the Ural metallurgy.At the end of 19 th Century,the factories in Ural started to utilize electric power.The innovation of power technology ecsalerated the trasnformation from workshop to modern industry of Ural metallurgy.Second,the blust furnace technology innovation,at the beginning of 18 th Century,the blust furnace marked the establishment of Ural metallurgy.After the innovation in 1861,the Ural blust furnace achieved the technology milorate,improved the productivity.The improvement of blust furnace threw huge impact on the figure of metallurgy economic,saved iron stones,fuels and labor cost.Third,the innovation of smelt technology,from the beginning of 18 th Century to the end of 19 th Century,the innovation of Ural metallurgy reflected from the wrought iron refining method,puddle process to the open hearth process.At the end of the 19 th Century,the mass utilization of rolling mill was the important outcoming of the innovation of smelting technology.Forth,the innovation of casting technology,in 18 th Century,the output of steel in Ural was extremely low,the products of smelting factories were iron and cast iron.The first half of the 19 th Century,the output of steel was increased dramatically,provided sufficient material supplement of high demand of Russian industrialization.Chapter III discusses the labor incentives in the development of Ural metallurgy.In order to illustrate the formation,the development and the type of organization,the activity areas and the system of management of the labor force,the researcher analyzes the formation of Ural metallurgy labor force and the development of mining area,the type of organization of labor force,management of mining area and activity area of labors.In 18 th Century,the country distributed the main labor force of Ural metallurgy.The escaped criminals,the escaped soldiers,the bannitus and the P.O.W composed the main part of the Ural metallurgy labor force.After the innovation,free labors replaced the forced working labors,providing the transformation from the feudal serfdom to the capitalism.Chapter IV analyzes the role that transportation plays in the development of Ural metallurgy.Transportation has long been the factor that influences the development of Ural metallurgy.The Ural metallurgy mainly based on animal-powered transportation and water transportation.Kama River and Chusovaya River were the main waterway of Ural,made great contribution to the metallurgy.However,the water transportation endured the disadvantage of long-time costing and was highly hindered by season-changing,high-financial cost increases the producing budget,which resulted the sales output.At the end of 19 th Century,railway construction changed the disadvantage situation of Ural metallurgy transportation.At the end of 19 th Century to the beginning of the 20 th Century,factories which connected to the network of Russian railway produce much more than the ones which far from the railway,that is to say,the railway was a great incentive to Russian metallurgy industry.Chapter V analyzes the market incentives to Ural metallurgy.Sales is the final stage of metallurgy,the sales situation was influenced by the market capacity,market range,supplement & demand and competition,the market determined the development scale and potential of Ural metallurgy.In feudal period,Ural metallurgy embraced the golden period,by active national policies,Ural metallurgy entered into the international market,brought huge fortune to Russia.In 1800,the Ural produced 7.8 million Putnam cast iron and 5.3 million Putnam wrought iron.The productivity of black iron exceeded Britain and Sweden,reached the top of the world,within which,the Ural metallurgy contributes to the 4/5.In 19 th Century,the domestic market became the main consuming market of Ural metallurgy.Researching the market of Ural metallurgy,could reveal the sales channel,supply and demand trend of other industries,in order to reflect the influence that Ural metallurgy made to Russian industrial modernization.Chapter VI analyzes the impact that Ural metallurgy made to Russian modernization.Modernization is the process of transformation from traditional agricultural society to modern industrial society.The researcher selected four directions to illustrate how Ural metallurgy impacted the process of Russian modernization,which are: Ural metallurgy to Russian national defense,to technology innovation,to Russian economy and to Russian society.The chapter also analyzes the following points: Ural metallurgy increased Russian military force,promoted machinery manufacture,railway construction,created huge amount of foreign exchanges,transformed economic organization type,escalate integration of regional economy,promoting the formation of working class in Ural and imposed huge impact on Russian social transformation.The Conclusion analyzes the pros and cons which influenced the development of Ural metallurgy,and analyze the influence that Ural metallurgy impacts Russian modernization.First,the researcher discusses the incentives that promote the development of Ural metallurgy,pointing out that the natural conditions,technology conditions and social conditions composed the foundation of Ural metallurgy;technology innovation was the promoter;labor organization type was the supporting power;while the national policy was the shelter of Ural metallurgy development.Second,the researcher discusses the four incentives: military,technology,economic influence and social factors which highly influenced the development of Russian modernization from the 18 th Century to the 20 th Century.At last,the researcher concluded the negative factors that hindered the development of Ural metallurgy were: serfdom was the key element that seized the development;the under-developed means of transportation was the long-term factor that legged down Russian metallurgy development;high-rely on charcoal was the important obstacle of Ural metallurgy development.