A Study On Society And Culture Of E(?)ini Tribe Of Yugur

Tribes are the most important organization in Yugur society before 1958.They arrange the nomadic area,settle dispute between neighbors and collect taxes peac etime.They also organize army,direct a battles and supplies strategy in war.Some old and famous clans are still remained in Yugur because of the continued nomadic life.They are important clues about much historic memories and formation of the ethnic group.After the commune,brigade,village committee and township government were implanted in Yugur from 1958,the tribe become a cultural unit not any longer as a politic,military and social organization.With the development of urbanization,social memories about Yugur tribes become vaguer and vaguer.Consanguinity identity changes to local identity.And cultural diversification established in Yugur nomadic life during long time disappeared with the development.But people appeared great enthusiasm in rebuilding their traditional culture based on tribe today.E(?)ini tribe is regarded as an ?Tibetanized tribe? in Yugur.This ?Tibetanization? related with the history of it?s division.At the beginning of Qing dynasty after the situation of Northwest China changed and the ethnic policies were put forward.The Big tribe of Yugur moved to the north of Qilian Mountain and build the Kanglong temple in the north Qilian Mountain.These are main reasons of the independence of E(?)ini tribe.The policy from the central government made E(?)ini tribe as a fringe culture area.The material culture including clothes,food,house and transportation are more characteristic in E(?)ini tribe.Politics movement,modern techniques,construction of the signifying nationality culture influence outside of the tribe and the mode of producing is the basic of it?s culture.But the material culture based on it?s mode of production.They were formed by it?s location as the edge of two cultural centers.The language of E(?)ini remains many old pronunciation and vocabulary of Mongolian in 13 th century.There are many Tibetan words substitute for Yugur words more than other tribes in Yugur.The location of edge helps E(?)ini keeps the old characteristics in pronunciation and also make language borrowing.As the tribe that influenced by Tibetan culture the most,the earliest Buddism temple was build in E(?)ini tribe and most of people have niches for a statue of the Buddha in their house,most of the old can chant as their everyday lessons.Sacrificing Aobao is the specific manifestations of the ancient Shamanism animism.But in E(?)ini tribe,they have Mount-God hierarchy like in Tibetan.That is the result of typical cultural transmission.Marriage form changed greatly in 1958 when we focus on the marriage and home of E(?)ini tribe.Before 1958,multielement and loose marriage formed during nomadic life is accepted due to customs.Monogamy became the main marriage mode after 1958.That was influenced by country and law.And nuclear family replaced the extended family at the same time.Festival celebrating and life rituals are changing during it?s recovering and the outside festivals are still marginal in E(?)ini tribe.The ceremony of Hair-Cutting,Wedding and funeral are all appeared reconstruction individuation and creation together after 1958?s political movement.In conclusion,clothes,language,religion,ritual and festival become the expression of tangible boundaries of the tribe and needed by the cultural group in changing world.As an political organization,it had disappeared already.But it?s inner logic based on people?s daily life still remain.Between Yugur and Tibetan culture centers,E ? ini tribe appeared many characteristics that generalized by cultural anthropologists before.The cultural transition in E(?)ini tribe appeared Yugur and Less populous ethnic group in miniature.And even it is the epitome of the nomadic ethnic groups in North China.The social and cultural transition in E(?)ini tribe was influenced by many reason and the political force is the main reason.In the transition E(?)ini tribe transformed from central to edge and it?s culture alternated between tradition and transition,the characteristic appeared diverging and converging.Even it?s identity changed and the cultural boundaries swing between Others and We.But E(?)ini tribe had it?s explicithidden selection in adjustment.E(?)ini tribe remained the essence and core of Yugur culture in transition and kept their identity of Yugur.E(?)ini tribe is still the main part of Yugur and owned it?s characteristics today.Although the “tradition” is an relative concept,it?s a kind of mental structure in E(?)ini tribe hiding in mind of every individual.The tradition rise and fallreconditely when the force come from outside.The material culture changed greatly under the force from outside,but E(?)ini became an mental structuremaintaining this edged group and consoled every individual telling them who they are.