Research On Knowledge Spillovers Of Academic Entrepreneurship

China's national innovation system is the engine and foundation of speeding up the independent innovation and building an innovative country. To establish the self-directed innovation system, in which the enterprise is the main body, market-oriented, and production-study-research cooperation, it is essential to effectively integrate the collaborative power of industry-university-research institute cooperation, reasonablely configure the scientific and technological resources, stimulate the vitality of the research institute, and enable the enterprise innovating continuously. Therefore, to explore and build the channels of the technology transformation between the scientific research and the enterprise has become the important issue, which will lead to the long term advance of the national science and technology.Up to now, the university is no longer just the "ivory tower" of teaching or the "research laboratory". As the producer of high-tech talent and the source of innovation, its main function is embodied in the high-tech radiation and "incubators" for high-tech companies. The entrepreneurial university is the innovation subject in a timely emergence which try to satisfy the the market and stick to the academic tradition. Its academic entrepreneurship is not only an efficient way to produce the technology-based small enterprises and to enhance the transformation of scientific and technological achievement in universities, but also an important source of the knowledge spillovers. Therefore, to explore the effect and the micro-mechanism of the knowledge spillovers during the process of academic entrepreneurship will have double meaning in the aspect of the theory and the practice.Firstly, this paper compared six metrical methods to evaluate the effect of the spatial knowledge spillovers, which are known as the technology flow rate method, cost function method, production function methods, literature-tracing method, total factor productivity method and extreme value boundary method. In comparison, the research objectives, applicative scope, advantages and disadvantages of each method were respectively assessed, in order to selectan effective empirical analysis method for analyzing the knowledge spillovers effect of the academic entrepreneurship. The research progress and status of the technology transfer in university, the entrepreneurial university and the academic entrepreneurship were reviewed and summarized. Meanwhile, the boundary of the academic entrepreneurship was redefined. Furthermore, the research objective of the knowledge spillovers of academic entrepreneurship was determined. The motivation and characteristic of the academic entrepreneurship were studied from the opportunity identification, selection mechanism and type classification based on the investigation of the university knowledge features. Consequently, it can be concluded that the academic entrepreneurship is the efficient approach to overcome the "knowledge filter" barrier between the university and the enterprise. The way of the knowledge commercialization in academic entrepreneurship process was illustrated through describing the functional mechanism of a successful entrepreneurial university, the operating mechanism of the university technology transfer office and the technology transfer mechanism of the university spin-off companies. Hence, the micro-mechanism of the knowledge spillovers of the academic entrepreneurship was clarified.Using the Triple Helix innovative theory, the construction of the academic entrepreneurship system, in which the university and the academic entrepreneur was one subject, was analyzed. The driving force, collaborative mechanism, sharing mechanism and restriction mechanism of the knowledge spillovers in academic entrepreneurship were describled and clarified based on the Triple Helix innovative theory. Based on Griliches-Jaffe's knowledge production function, an expanded model was established to describe the localized academic entrepreneurship knowledge spillovers. The parameters of the university spin-off, human capital flow and the patent transfer were introduced to characterize the effect of the academic entrepreneurship knowledge spillovers in this modified model. The effectiveness of the academic entrepreneurship knowledge spillovers was investigated based on the modified model by using the spatial econometric analysis method. The data came from "3-Zone Interaction Project''in Dalian was adopted to demonstrate the knowledge spillovers and the regional innovation as an empirical analysis. The empirical results demonstrated that the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research was an important part of the efficient operation of the regional innovation system. The Triple Helix innovative model can accurately describe the three-dimensional structure of the university-enterprise-government system. The university's own R&D spending was not effective on the knowledge spillovers in the regional innovative system. The impact of the government's investment on the R&D activities of the enterprise was not obvious on the knowledge spillovers. The collaborative research of the college and the enterprise would be an effective manner of the knowledge spillovers in the innovation.The knowledge spillovers theory of entrepreneruship, named as KSTE, was set up by Acs. Referenced to the original thought and the research methods used in KSTE, a modified model to describe the knowledge spillovers of the academic entrepreneurship was established. The key factors of the academic entrepreneurship, such as the scholar, the academic organization (entrepreneurial university), as well as the external environment, was considered and incorporated in this modified model. The modified knowledge-based growth models were established by a general equilibrium analysis of the labor market after a complete mathematical derivation process of the formulas and calculation method. The spatial correlation of the academic entrepreneurial knowledge spillovers was examined by Moran'I index and Moran Scatter. The dynamic panel model was proposed on the basis of the spatial Durbin model. The parameters of the dynamic panel model were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. Then, the attenuation trend of the academic entrepreneurial knowledge spillovers on a global spatial scale was investigated. The results demonstrated the opportunity of the academic entrepreneurship was affected by the knowledge stock of the local and adjoining areas. The commercialization rate of the new knowledge had a crucial effect on the academic entrepreneurial efficiency. The space conglomeration effect played a positive role in the academic entrepreneurial knowledge spillovers. The economics scale and the level of the financial support in the local region would influence the academic entrepreneurship breaking through the 'knowledge filter' barrier. The above research indicated that the extended model of the academic entrepreneurial knowledge spillovers proposed in this work could efficiently characterize the knowledge spillovers behavior of the academic entrepreneurship. And the obtained model could reasonably define the effect of knowledge spillovers on the economic growth of the local region. The results would serve as atheoretical tool for setting up the innovation network in a cross-region, as well as for promoting the innovation ability of the local region.Finally, according to the theoretical analysis and practical results, the corresponding proposal was given as follows. Some measures and policies should be taken to improve the efficiency of technology transfer, such as boosting the university science park development, encouraging the academic entrepreneurship by the researchers, stimulating the flow of the human capital and enhancing the efficiency of the university spin-offs, etc. It is essential to set up a new multi-collaboration innovation & entrepreneurship mechanism, that means the big, medium and small enterprises, the universities, the research institutes and the makersco-operate and form acoordinative innovation relation. In addition, the ability of the enterprises to absorb the knowledge spillovers would be improved; the entrepreneurship and the innovation by the researchers should be encouraged and supported, the entrepreneurship would be advocated and the potentials of "mass entrepreneurship and multitude innovation" would also be fully developed. As a result, the innovation-driven development strategy would be implemented and realized in our country.