| In the era of globalization and knowledge economy,more and more knowledge and technology flow globally among the enterprises,research institutions,universities and government agencies,and the enterprises is necessary to cooperate with the other innovation organizations,which are in different spatial scales.The economists usually argue that technology innovation is existed in the enterprise level,however the geographers concern about the regional innovation performance and the influence factors of enterprise innovation.Since the 1990s,many scholars explain enterprise innovation activities and performance from the "territorial innovation" perspective,there are also many scholars explain the impact factors of enterprise innovation cooperation from the "external innovation" perspective.So the influence factors of innovation network and the best space scale become the controversial problem.Taking Shanghai high technology industry as the research object,this paper thinks the high technology industry as the mainly engaged in technology development,technology transfer,technical advice,technical services and technical inspection,or high-tech products(services)research and development,production,management,technology and innovation activities,R&D input intensity of not less than 5%,contains the manufacturing and technical services.Shanghai high technology industry contains biological medicine industry,electronic information industry,new material industry and transform traditional industry.Data are sourced from the system database of science and technology commission of Shanghai hi-tech enterprise annual report,the data of Shanghai high-tech industrial alliance,the database of China's state intellectual property office,the survey data of China international industry fair,and the interview data of Shanghai high-tech enterprises.The data are used to depict the basic characteristics of innovation network of Shanghai high technology industry,and according to the different area of the enterprise innovation partners,the sample companies are classified into four,such as the global,national,municipal and global-local.With the help of social network analysis,structural equation model and data envelopment analysis(DEA)method,this paper get four conclusions.(1)Global-local innovation network is the most necessary of enterprise innovation netting in the new period.Manchester school of scholars,who are represented by the global production networks and the global value chain,mainly advocated that the global contact lead the enterprise innovation network;And Nordic economic geography scholars,who are represented by the local industrial cluster and regional innovation system,mainly advocated that the local contact lead the enterprise innovation network.In fact,if the enterprise emphasis too much on global contact,it will lead to cause the "acclimatized" phenomenon,if the enterprise emphasis too much on local contact,it will lead to cause the "excessive embeddedness" and "region lock" and so on.As a result,global-local innovation network is the most necessary of enterprise innovation netting in the new period.(2)The basic characteristics of innovation network of Shanghai high technology industry.Innovation network contains the two forms of horizontal and vertical netting,and the horizontal network includes the invention patent network and industry alliance network,the vertical network refers to the innovation network of innovation cooperation among the industry chain of upstream and downstream.Firstly,the structure characteristics of invention patent network.The enterprises of high technology in Shanghai carry out innovation activities by means of patent,and the enterprise accounts for 55.7%of the total,34%of the enterprises apply for the patent with the other organizations.Universities,research institutions and enterprise are the most important innovation organization of high technology industry in Shanghai,the enterprises accounted for 83.71%,universities and research institutions accounted for 8.61%and 8.61%,industry association and other organization accounted for only 0.93%.The network density is 0.468,lower than 0.5,which indicates that the node link of innovation network of high technology industry in Shanghai is not high,the level of innovation cooperation remains to be further strengthened.The network centrality is 3.47%,which indicates that some core nodes play an important role in the innovation network of high technology industry in Shanghai.The spatial structure of invention patent network shows the "diamond structure",which is consist of Shanghai,Beijing,Guangzhou,Chongqing.From the view of Shanghai city,the districts of Pudong and Minhang are much more than the other districts;From the view of the whole country,the cities of Beijing,Nantong,Guangzhou,Chongqing,Shenzhen,Wuhan,Hangzhou,Suzhou,Jiaxing and Xian,which are much more than the other cities;From the view of the global,the countries or regions of Taiwan,Japan,the United States,Canada,which are much more than the other countries.Secondly,the characteristics of the vertical network of industry chain.The vertical network is mainly shown as the upstream and downstream of enterprise network,suppliers and customers are the most important aspects.The hi-tech enterprises of Shanghai mainly purchase raw materials from the domestic,and the clients are mainly domestic,but the overseas expansion ability of the hi-tech enterprises remains to be further improved.From the view of 2350 sample enterprises,90.10%of suppliers are from domestic enterprises,82.09%of clients are from domestic.Thirdly,the structure characteristics of industry alliance network.Universities,research institutions and enterprise are the most important innovation organization of hi-tech industry alliance network in Shanghai,the enterprises accounted for 63.62%,universities and research institutions accounted for 14.93%and 18.55%,industry association and other organization accounted for only 2.9%.The network density is 0.104,lower than 0.5,which indicates that the node link of alliance network of high technology industry in Shanghai is very low,the level of innovation cooperation remains to be further strengthened.The network centrality is 0.33%,which indicates that some core nodes have not yet formed.The partners of alliance network are mainly located in Shanghai,which accounted for 92.6%,and 7.4%of the total are from the other domestic cities.However,there are no overseas partners.(3)Enterprise development stage,enterprise scale and the influence of industry are the main factors of innovation network formation.Based on the research achievements and the survey data of enterprise innovation network,we find it that concluded that the enterprise innovation network is mainly influenced by system arrangement,space location conditions,the type of corporate ownership,enterprise scale,the influence of industry enterprises,enterprise development stage,the ability to bridge the other innovation organiazation.Taking the case of high-tech industries in Shanghai,we find that the most important factor of innovation network formation are the enterprise development stage,enterprise scale and the influence of industry,and play positive role in innovation formation.The per capita gross value of enterprise output,the revenue from core operations and enterprise income tax are contributed the largest in all of the indicators.(4)The effect of national innovation network and global-local innovation network is better than global and municipal innovation network.From the view of input-output,this paper builds the index system of innovation performance,which is consist of the enterprise research and development personnel and funds,patent output and high-tech products and services output.The results show that the performance of national innovation network is the highest,followed by global-local innovation network and municipal innovation network,global innovation network is the lowest.The main innovation points and contributions of this paper are as follows:(1)Constructing an innovative network analysis framework with global,national,citywide and global linkages;(2)The main body of Shanghai local innovation network is enterprise,enterprise development stage,enterprise scale and enterprise influence have an important influence on the formation of innovation network,industrial innovation alliance is the most important organization;(3)From the contribution of different spatial scales to the whole innovation network system,national scale innovation performance is the best,Shanghai,Beijing,Guangzhou,Chongqing and other domestic central cities play a key node and hub role.Looking forward to the future,it is suggested to play the main role of the enterprise in the innovation network,and construction the national innovation network become the best choice for the national strategy of "innovation driving,transition and development". |
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