Institutional Perspective: Chengdu's Case Study Of Five Residential Lands And Its Spatial Model During Transition In China

Under the background of economic globalization,rapid urbanization and the transition to market mechanism,the capital,personnel and logistics of mainland China have accelerated to gather in the city since the reform and opening up.At the same time,the spatial structure of urban living space has undergone tremendous changes.The living space pattern of Chinese mainland cities shows the phenomenon of "central prosperity" and residential suburbanization.Based on the institutional perspective,this paper makes an attempt to classify urban residential land into Danwei house,commercial houses,affordable,demolition resettlement houses and self-built houses.Land use pattern,evolution and its dynamic mechanism are discussed in the paper for providing scientific basis for urban planning and scientific managementorThe study area is mainly the metropolis area of Chengdu covered by the Third Ring Road.The data mainly from a longer period of site investigation data and in-depth interviews with information,provided by the relevant departments of Chengdu,neighborhood committees and the others.By using the technology of GIS,Remote Sensing and Statistics,the author built a complete database of residential land in the study area,and analyzed the changes of residential land use and its pattern in different types and periods.According to the present situation and research needs of the housing system in mainland China,the author divides the housing types into five types: Danwei housing,commercial housing,demolition and resettlement house,affordable housing and self-built housing.Each category characterizes the design of the "special" housing system in the process of housing marketization in mainland China,which inevitably leads to obvious institutional path dependence characteristics.The paper is divided into four parts,including eight chapters.The first part is the introduction.In the background of globalization,urbanization and transformation,some problems such as classification of residential land based on institutional perspective during the transition period are put forward,and the research framework are established.The second part is the construction of the theoretical model,Include the origin,nature,and evolution pattern of the five types of residential lands.The third part is the empirical research,including the second to the seventh chapter.According to the present situation and research needs of the housing institution mainland China,this paper discusses the institution design of the housing market in China,including the commercial housing,demolished houses and social security housing,commerical housing and Danwei housing in Chengdu.The spatial patterns and their evolution are discussed in this part.The participation process and mechanism of the government,the developer,the Danwei and the citizen in the formation and the change of the residential land are analyzed.The fourth part is the conclusion,innovation and the suggestions.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Based on the status of the housing system in mainland China,the housing/residential types can be divided into five kinds,I.e.,Danwei house,(fully market-oriented)commercial house,resettlement house,affordable house,and self-built house.Each of them represents different housing system design in the process of housing marketization,in mainland cities,their spatial pattern and change process has obvious path dependence.(2)The spatial pattern and change of the five housing/residential types are the result of combined action of government,market,institutions and citizens.The government has absolute monopoly on management of the land including the state ownership and collective ownership of land.Thus,the primary market and the secondary market of land are built.As for the primary market,the main actors or the games are the government and development enterprise,as the secondary market,are the government,developers/enterprises,institutions and citizens.Due to having different power and capital level,developers,and government are the vulnerable groups,while the real estate market and secondary land market have a higher voice.Then,a "growth coalition" is formed.(3)Since China's reform and opening up,with the establishment of the transitional market economy system,the traditional pattern of living space have been broken.The Danwei house,(fully market-oriented)commercial house,resettlement house,affordable house,and self-built house have rapid change,especially commercial house,resettlement house,which accelerate the process of old city reconstruction and suburbanization.Corresponding,the expansion of residential land occupied the suburbs farmland,and industrial land after the outsourcing change to commercial residential land.Moreover,in the process of residential area changing,the government and developers has strong guidance and decisions to residential location and price.Citizens choose their own housing via the purchasing power.The Mosaic pattern of Danwei house,(fully market-oriented)commercial house,resettlement house,affordable house,and self-built house,is built,which will make effect on the evolution process of urban residential spatial structure and urban space structure.(4)Danwei residential land is the product of history,once in our social life has played a dominant role.In 1998,China stopped the welfare housing allocation,although the status of the unit has been reduced,but the unit type of residential land still exists in the process of marketization also differentiated into different types,including the complete market,part of the market and all units.(5)China's commercial housing development began in the 1980 s,the establishment of the market economy in 1992,China's real estate industry has been rapid development,the construction of commercial housing has been rapid development.Commercial housing is the product of the development of the market,a large number of commercial housing development and construction is the central area of prosperity and residential suburbanization of the dominant force.Chengdu commercial housing is widely distributed,but in different regions,its price,scale and supporting facilities have obvious regional differentiation characteristics.Villas,high-end commercial housing,ordinary commercial housing constitutes a typical residential differentiation.(6)The resettlement house and affordable house,is the resettlement for low-income residents,which are provided by government.In transition phase,with the typical "market mechanism drive + government behavior to promote" mode,the resettlement house and affordable house are usually far away from central city or the old city,namely,suburbanization trend in this type is obvious,which led to the trend of outsourcing of vulnerable groups.(7)Self-built housing for the history of housing,its location is generally located in the center of the edge of the area,residential area is small,low building level.In the process of urbanization,due to its superior location,since the current legitimacy of housing so that it still exists in parts of the urban area.In the process of marketization,the number of self-built houses in the future may gradually decrease and become integrated into the market as the inheritance or change of the living subjects and the natural aging of the houses.