| As the Chinese economy has been a New Norm,the driving force of economic growth is facing adjustment.It is considered that the New Urbanization has become the new growth pole of China's economy.Recently,the government announced that the New Urbanization would be an active role to facilitate the economic and social development by taking the "human urbanization" as the core and breaking the barriers of those institutional mechanisms.Essentially,the "human urbanization" means the citizenization of the Rural-urban migrants.Namely,the Rural-urban migrants acquire the urban hukou,and share the equal basic public service with the urban residents,then gradual integrate into the urban society in the culture,psychology and cognition aspects.Therefore,the main point of the New Urbanization process is to facilitate the citizenization of the Rural-urban migrants by the social reform.Only if the Rural-urban migrants become the real urban residents,they will contribute to the city's sustainable development.The Rural-urban migrants have made great contributions to the modernization and rapid development of the cities,however,their actual living and working conditions in the cities are worrisome.Compared with the urban residents,most of the Rural-urban migrants engaged in those poor environments,long working hours and low technical jobs.They not only cannot enter the good welfare and allowance units,but also lack of the basic labor rights.In order to lower the cost of urbanization,the Rural-urban migrants are excluded from the basic public service system by the local governments.As a result,they could not enjoy the same endowment insurance,medical insurance,housing security and children's compulsory education rights as the urban residents in the cities,which cause them live at the edge of the cities.From this perspective,the citizenization of the Rural-urban migrants is not only a matter of economic development,but also a matter of people's livelihood and social harmony.Most of the existed researches on the citizenization of Rural-urban migrants focused on the qualitative aspect and very few of them on the micro-experience point.As a consequence,the research blank about this topic exsited.This blank makes us lack profound understanding of the overall situation,the inherent law and the development prospects of the problem.After systematically reviewing of the citizenization researches and the micro-household data,this paper makes a comparative analysis of the Rural-urban migrants and urban residents.The main content of this paper is to study the real dilemma,the welfare effect and the routing selection of the citizenization.The specific contents of this paper are as follows:The first chapter is the introductory.This chapter mainly introduces the issue,background,the related concepts,and significance of this paper Meanwhile,it introduces the main contents,framework,research methods and innovations of this paper.The second chapter includes the theoretical basis and the frontier of this issue.It reviews of the literatures and relative theories on the citizenization systemically.Specficially,the literatures review and the relative theories basis are unfolded by the specific contents of the later chapters including the citizeniation and basic public service,citizenization and the welfare effect,the dual economic theory and the foreign studies on the immigration assimilation.Based on the retrospection of the current economic theories and the recitation of the current literatures on citizenization,this chapter not only determines the theoretical and practical significance of this paper,but also explicit the specific points deserve to further study in this field.Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 mainly study the real dilemma the Rural-urban migrants faced in the process of citizenization.Specifically,based on CFPS2012 micro-household survey data,the third chapter compares the public services gap between the Rural-urban migrants and the urban residents.By systematically comparing the housing security,the rate of non-agricultural employment,the social insurance and the endowment insurance of the elderly between the two groups,it judges that exactly exist huge public service gap between the two groups.The fourth chapter investigates the employment inequality and the wage gap between the Rural-urban migrants and the urban residents by using the CHIPS2007 and CHIPS2008 micro-household survey data.To be specific,firstly,we compare the enter probability between the Rural-urban migrants statically,which reflects the employment opportunities inequality between the two groups,then we investigate their income gap and occupational distributions dynamically,which help us to understand whether the Rural-urban migrants could finally integrate into the urban society or not.The main content of chapter 5 and chapter 6 is to analyze the welfare effects of the citizenization.According to the classic welfare theory,we choose the income level and life satisfaction as the two indexes to measure the welfare effect of the Rural-urban migrants.Fistly,Based on the CFPS2010 and CFPS2012 micro-household survey data,we regard Rural-urban migants change their household registration status(hukou)as the "mark" of citizenization;then employ the propensity scores matching and difference-in-difference combination method(PSM-DID)to analysis the income level and life satisfaction alteration of those Rural-urban migrants who changed hukou.Therefore,we can identify the welfare effects of the citizenization successfully.The seventh chapter mainly studies the routing selection of the citizenization.Actually,the essence of the citizenization is to reorganization of the public resources and service.Firstly,it summarizes the objective reality about the citizenization,and offers guidance to the citizenization routing.Secondly,to explore the essence of citizenization,we analyze the innate logic of it.Thirdly,we investigate the system restriction of the citizenization policy,and provide the corresponding security mechanism.Fially,based on the objective reality,innate logic and system restriction,we suggest that the government should take the different citizenization routings allow for the different subjects,different cities and different public service policies.We propose that the government should take different public policies to different cities and Rural-urban migrants.The main content of the eigth chapter is to prospect the future research of the citizenization.The innovation of this paper can be summarized as follows:Firstly,it studies the public services inequality from the micro perspective.Based on the large sample of micro-household survey data,it investigates the realistic dilemma the Rural-urban migrants faced in the process of citizenization,and analyzes the reasons of these dilemma from the perspective of micro empirically analysis.Secondly,it takes the static and dynamic combination research method.It synthetically analyzes the phenomenon of employment inequality from the department,industry and other different dimensions.And then explores the dynamic change of the employment inequality between the Rural-urban migrants and urban residents during a period of time.As a result,this paper is a relative deeper research about the citizenization.Thirdly,it pioneered the idea of study the citizenization of the Rural-urban migrants in the framework of welfare.economics.Regard the change hukou of the Rural-urban migrants as a "mark" of citizenization,this paper overcomes the shortcomings of the previous studies about the Rural-urban migrants,for most of reseaches view the hukou as a constant variable.It focuses on the Rural-urban migrants who changed hukou,and treats the event of change hukou as a natural experience to investigate the welfare effect of citizenization.Fourthly,we summarize the objective reality and inner logic of the citizenization,analyze the constriants of it from the financial perspective,and regard the systematic guarantee as the precondition of citizenization routing selection.Finally,we clarifies that the government could employ the law of "adjust measures to local conditions and local people" to select the citizenization routing. |
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