| Under the impetus of a series of China government policies,a large number of social capitals entered the ethnic villages for tourism development.Many border provinces have taken the development of ethnic village tourism as an important way to promote social-economic development and promote local residents to get rid of poverty and become rich.Large-scale tourism development activities will inevitably have an important impact on the social economy of ethnic villages and promote changes in local livelihoods.In fact,the complicated interest conflicts in the tourism development of ethnic villages and the poverty alleviation effect of tourism have always been the focus of attention of government and academic.It can be said that the development of tourism in ethnic villages has become an important factor affecting the stability and sustainable development of the border ethnic areas and the implementation of the national strategy.So,what is the specific impact of tourism development in ethnic villages? What's the change in local livelihoods after the development of tourism? Is it sustainable? These are the important realistic problems that the government and the academia care about.We need to pay more attention to the practice and academic research of tourism development in ethnic villages.Sustainable Livelihoods Approach(SLA)has become the mainstream international research method since 1990 s.Based on the new perspective of sustainable livelihoods,macro and micro integration,tourism impact research is also a major focus of tourism academic research in recent years.The macro economic development of tourism has already been approved by local economic and social development.However,the impact of tourism on the micro level of local communities and residents has not been paid enough attention.Sustainable livelihoods have focused on the micro level of individuals and families.However,the research on impact of tourism development,livelihood theory research of tourism development on the changes of livelihood in the dynamic process and the systematic research are insufficient,especially applied to the study of China tourism development.This paper defines the core issue of the study as "the change of livelihood in the development of tourism in border ethnic villages." The research expects to systematically study the applicability of sustainable livelihood theory in the context of China's tourism development,the dynamic process and specific performance of tourism development on livelihood change,and the inherent impact mechanism of tourism development on livelihood change.The study not only provides insights into the micro-impacts of macro-environmental changes in tourism development on community and family livelihoods,but also helps to understand the specific performance of local livelihood changes and the mechanism of tourism development on livelihood changes.More importantly,it can provide a systematic analysis framework and research methodology for the study of sustainable tourism livelihoods and carry out interdisciplinary research to improve the theory system of tourism sustainable livelihood research.Therefore,the research has important practical and theoretical significance.Based on the research orientation of "the process and mechanism of the change of livelihood in tourism development",the thesis takes "border ethnic tourism village" as the research object,and according to "tourism development(environment change)-(community and family)Livelihoods Changes " of the overall research ideas.Taking the villages of Jing Lai Village in Xishuangbanna and Han Sha Village in Dehong of Yunnan Province as examples,a comprehensive research method was used.The thesis based on the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis in ethnic tourism villages and application method,analyzes the process and influence mechanism manifestation of livelihood change in ethnic village.The purpose is to examine the impact of tourism development on ethnic villages from the perspective of livelihood,and to discuss in depth the relationship between tourism development and local communities and residents.Through in-depth interviews with 52 stakeholders in the two border villages of Dai villages and in-depth surveys of 210 households,combined with ongoing participatory observation of local livelihood activities and 14 expert surveys,the paper analyzed the process of livelihood changes.The thesis highlights the impact of tourism development on livelihood changes at different levels of community and family.It also describes in detail the performance of livelihood strategies of different families within the community and compares the effects of different management modes on livelihood changes.A series of research conclusions have been produced.From the perspective of the performance and process of changes in livelihoods at the community level: 1.The decision-making of community tourism development marking the start of community livelihood strategies for tourism development change.2.Community tourism livelihoods strategy promotes the transformation of economic development to tourism management.3.The Livelihoods Changes of border ethnic villages are greatly affected by the macroeconomic environment.4.Community Livelihoods Changes are constrained by local basic resource conditions.5.The impact of tourism development on community livelihood changes has a process,and different stages of tourism development lead to different degrees of community livelihood changes.The process and performance of family level livelihood change: 1.Tourism development promotes family tourism livelihood strategy has gone through the process of "From Scratch".2.The family livelihood capital has changed obviously before and after the tourism development.3.The development of tourism in different communities will affect the change of family livelihood.4.The changes of family livelihood of "tourism-based" livelihood strategies are more obvious.5.Families of participation in a high degree of tourism development of a larger degree of livelihoods changes,family livelihood capital obvious advantages.6.Resident livelihood options have intergenerational differences;young people tend to engage in tourism and livelihood activities.Based on the research,the thesis explores the impact mechanism of tourism management on the Livelihoods Changes: 1.Market economy is an important driving force.2.Government support is reflected both in terms of policies and funding,as well as its impact on communities through business models.3.Tourism land exploitation occupies the basic resources of traditional agricultural livelihood activities,so that some families are separated from land production,changing the traditional relationship between residents and land.The dissertation further discusses the main theories of the research: 1.optimized the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis in ethnic tourist villages.2.From the perspective of cultural change,the trend of the process of livelihoods changes was discussed.The change of livelihood in the theory of Community Resilience was discussed.3.The influence of different modes of tourism management on the livelihoods changes was discussed,and conducts theoretical dialogues with previous studies based on the main conclusions of the study.Finally,the paper proposes four main aspects of future research. |
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