| Under the framework of the new agricultural operation system,the full cooperation between the subjects is the essence of its theory and practice.In practice,the agricultural operation subject based on the full cooperation among the agricultural operation entities is endless,such as the contract farming,the docking mode and so on,and the contract farming is especially the most typical.In fact,due to the different contract farming forms corresponding to the coordination between the main control intensity and the degree of interest is closely different,in the contract farming model,the main agricultural enterprises face specific forms of selections.Based on the evolution of the contract farming model and its concrete form,the scientific problem is: What are the factors that affect the collaboration selection of the agricultural production and management,and how are these factors influencing the cooperation of the agricultural production and management? To this end,this study draws on the relevant theory,based on the definition of the concept and the general law of contract farming development,build the corresponding theoretical analysis framework;clarifie the theoretical inevitability of the cooperation between the farmer and the new agricultural management subject under the contract farming model;empirically analyze the factors influencing the selection of longitudinal cooperatives in contract farming model and the mechanism of its interaction;then provide theoretical support and empirical evidence for perfecting the new agricultural operation system and promot the healthy development of contract farming.1.The Main Contents(1)The Experience and Theoretical Basis of Contract Farming Research.This paper reviews the achievements of contract farming research at home and abroad,and summarizes the aspects of contract farming related research,such as the aspects of contract performance and benefit of contract farming,contract design and performance,coordination of operation mechanism and risk,participation of enterprises in the contract of agricultural willingness,collaboration organization form and its influencing factors,and sums up the research experience.At the same time,the contract theory,transaction cost theory,principal-agent theory and game theory are used to lay the theoretical foundation of this paper.(2)The International Experience of Collaboration Selection under Contract Farming.This paper reviews the experience of contract development of agricultural products in developed countries such as the United States,France and Japan,and summarizes the experience and practice of the collaboration selection in the contract farming model,and sums up the practical experience of the developed countries from the two dimensions of the common characteristic and the difference.And then some development rules and characteristics of the collaboration selection of the main agricultural development are summarized including the diversification of the cooperative object,the deepening of the collaborative content and the diversification of the collaboration mode.(3)The Theoretical Analysis Framework of Longitudinal Collaboration Selection under Contract Farming.This paper constructs a four-dimension theoretical analysis framework of "scenario setting-subject definition-behavior selection-running performance",and tries to decompose and cooperate with the subjects in the theoretical situation of incomplete contract and transaction cost,and analyze its cooperation forms,the selection of cooperation subjects and form selection,as well as the multi-dimensional and multi-level empirical contract farming model and its mechanism of action,thus providing a solid theoretical basis.(4)The Status and Evaluation Analysis on the Collaboration Selection among Subjects in Contract Farming Mode.This part summarizes the overall situation of collaborative selection of agricultural subjects in the contract farming mode,and reveals the characteristics of collaborative subjects selection from the perspective of farmer and those of collaborative forms selection from the perspective of cooperative society and enterprise,and then evaluates the performance of collaborative selection,which provides a solid empirical support for the empirical analysis of the effect of collaborative selection of agricultural subjects in contract farming.(5)Empirical Analysis on the Selection of Longitudinal Cooperative Subjects in Contract farming Model.From the perspective of farmers,this paper empirical analyze of farmers' selection among cooperation subjects in the contract farming mode.It analyzes the internal and external factors,such as individual and management characteristics,market characteristics,contract characteristics and system guarantee,which can affect the farmer's longitudinal cooperation,and then uses the farmers' survey data to construct the empirical analysis model,and measures the different factors' influence effect on the farmers' selection of longitudinal cooperative subject in the contract farming.(6)An Empirical Analysis on the Selection of Longitudinal Cooperative Forms under Contract farming.From the perspective of cooperatives and enterprises,this paper analyzes the cooperative choice of two main types of enterprises in the contract farming mode,that is,the form of extended cooperation with the three kinds of subjects selected,and the basic cooperative forms of mutual cooperation.By sorting the factors influencing the company's choice such as operating conditions,contract characteristics and external environment,the cooperative and enterprise questionnaire were selected to empirically analyze and measure the influence of various factors on the selection of collaboration form between different enterprises in contract farming.2.The Main Findings(1)Through the summary of the experience of agricultural development in the United States,France and Japan,it is recognized that although the factor endowment is different in different countries,and the contract farming development is different,so is the contract farming development mode.But the good development of national contract farming and agricultural management mode is closely related to the need for new business entities providing social services,and it is also inseparable from the sound system of security system.And it is further find that during the development of contract farming in developed countries,the cooperation between farmers and new agricultural subjects is the general law of the development of contract farming,and there are three characteristics of the facts,like the diversity of collaborative objects,collaborative content diversification and diversification of collaboration patterns,which is the main prerequisite support and theoretical starting point of building a theoretical analysis framework and revealing the collaboration between farmers and new agricultural operation subjects.(2)The theoretical analysis shows that,from the view of the contract attribute,it is an incomplete contract type,and the ultimate purpose of the inter-subject cooperation is to resolve the transaction cost.From the perspective of the cooperative selection mechanism,when facing large search costs and information costs,farmers generally choose to cooperate with family-run farmers to carry out contract farming to save transaction costs;when the market division of labor refinement,industrialization and commodities advancing,under which farmers will face the large number of decision-making costs,bargaining costs,they generally will choose to organize the main business and market-oriented management of the main collaboration;when supervision costs and default costs continue to increase the case,farmers will generally choose the organization subjects to carry out collaboration under contract farming.From the view of the cooperative form selection mechanism,the extended cooperation form is the primary choice without the corresponding system guarantee.However,if the institutional security is timely,and the involvement of the government role and the specialization of the assets will be improved,and then the basic cooperative form will become an important choice for collaboration.This also reveals that the cooperation in contract farming should deal with the boundaries of government and market.(3)In general,there is not a particularly close relationship between farmer's choice of collaboration and operative performance,which is more affected by non-performance factors.The results of the survey show that farmers' perception of contract farming is not strong,and their choice of collaboration is more affected by non-performance factors.Farmers' perceptions of contract farming performance show the following two characteristics: on one hand,in addition to reducing the difference in production costs,the rest four performance indicators,like increasing operative income,improving the quality of agricultural products,stabilizing or improving the sales price of the products,as well as the price of agricultural products,reducing the cost of sales,are more similar,which indicates that farmers are regardless of which type of longitudinal subject to choose,and the resulting performance perception in addition to reducing costs are no difference.On the other hand,farmers' performance perception of order agriculture is mainly focused on the "benefits of general",such as the increase in operating income,reducing production costs and improving the quality of agricultural products,which also shows that the role of China's current order agriculture to promote agricultural development is rather limited.Generally speaking,the correlation degree is not particularly tight as farmer chooses collaboration subject and business performance with regard to contract farming.In the perspective of the performance evaluation of cooperation regarding to choosing the form of contract farming collaboration,the participation of cooperation in different forms of cooperation toward contract farming to reduce production costs,and increasing operating income performance,the perception regards these has a large differences.Thereinto,the perception of choosing a expand form of collaboration is stronger in the result of reducing cost toward contract farming,however,the perception of choosing a basic form of collaboration is stronger in the result of increasing operating income performances.It indicates that,for those cooperation,no matter what kind form of collaboration to choose to develop the contract farming,the effect to cooperation is relatively limited,and it did not achieve a perfect transition from reducing costs to increasing operating income performances.For agro-enterprises,the foundational objective is achieving a stable raw material supply through the contract farming,moreover,the links for enterprises to participate the contract farming are reducing market transaction cost and stabilizing the purchasing prices of agricultural products.However,there are still some shortcomings of the contract farming to the enterprises,among these,contract farming has a relatively small enhancement to increase product quality for those who chose the basic format of collaboration,and these didn't get much support from the government.It shows that those ago-enterprises who chose the basic format of collaboration has a weaker business strength,and they haven't reach the level of controlling product quality yet regarding to the management level and technology,also it is difficult for them to acquire the attention and supporting measures from the government.(4)From the perspective of farmers,its collaboration with the new agricultural management subject is affected by four factors such as individual and management characteristics,market characteristics,contract characteristics and institutional characteristics.Specifically,in the individual and operating characteristics,with the farmer for the contract of agricultural awareness and the increase of participation time,and compared to the family management of agricultural operation subject,the probability of their choices of market-oriented operators to carry out contract farming increases.And the high degree of education,migrant workers will be more inclined to choose the organizers of the organization to carry out the contract farming cooperation.In terms of market characteristics,the market distance and market price fluctuation will have important influence on the farmer's choice of market-oriented subject and the organization main body to carry out the contract farming,but the two influence directions are not similar.With the increase of market distance,farmers are more willing to choose to cooperate with the family business entities to carry out the contract of agriculture,but if the local agricultural market prices more stable,compared to the family business management of the main,farmers prefer to cooperate with the market management of the main business.However,it is important to note that this is not significant for the effect of selecting an organized business entity to carry out contract farming.In terms of contract characteristics,contract form,contract price type and asset specificity all have important influence on farmer's choice of market-oriented management to carry out contract farming collaboration.If the contract type signed by the farmer is "production contract",it is more inclined to choose the market management of the main business to carry out the contract of agriculture;if signed a "production and sales contract",it is more inclined to choose the same organization with the organization to carry out contract farming.If the farmers choose the "bottom acquisition" contract price type,it is more inclined to choose to cooperate with the market management of the main business to carry out the contract farming,but it is in the home business and organizational management of the main choice when the impact is not significant.In addition,if the contract is signed,the new business entity does not require a large greenhouse barn or other supporting investment or prepaid margin,and this will directly lead to farmers with the market management of the main business and organization of the main business to carry out the contract of agricultural willingness to decline.Finally,at the level of institutional characteristics,if the new business owners can meet the financing needs of farmers,farmers will generally choose the main market operators and the organization of the main business collaboration to carry out contract farming.However,if the farmers do not meet the requirements to bear the corresponding losses,farmers will generally choose to market the main business operators to carry out contract farming.(5)From the perspective of cooperatives,operating conditions,contract characteristics and external environment have different effects on the collaboration form selection.The nature of the sponsor,the income of the manager,the manager's ability and the contract type are the key factors in the form of cooperative long-term cooperation.The size of the members and the policy support are the main influencing factors of the cooperative form.Among them,the greater the ability of the sponsor organization to influence the choice of extension of the form of cooperation the higher the probability,the higher the income of the cooperatives;the higher the probability of choice of extended cooperation form;the higher the managerial capacity,the higher the probability that the cooperatives choose to expand the form of cooperation.The cooperative society signing a production and sale contract is inclined to choose an extended cooperation form.The larger the membership is,the lower the likelihood that the cooperatives choose to expand the form of cooperation is,and the more inclined to choose the "cooperative + farmers" or "cooperative + business" cooperation form.In addition,the lower the likelihood that cooperatives with policy support should choose to develop forms of collaboration,preferring to choose basic forms of collaboration in contract farming patterns.(6)At the enterprise level,the characteristics of enterprise endowment,agricultural model and external environment have important influence on the choice of cooperation form.It is found that: on one hand,from the perspective of the impact direction of various factors,the characteristics of contract farming,such as the participation period,the effect of contract farming and the contract fulfillment rate of the agricultural contract have a positive impact on the company's selection of collaboration form,i.e.the longer the participation period is,or the better the effect of contract farming is,or the higher the contract fulfillment rate is,the larger the probability of company's participation in contract farming.Contract pricing has a negative impact on company's choice of collaboration,i.e.when the contract price is inclined to be fixed,the probability of company's participation in contract farming decreases.The characteristics of enterprise endowments,such as leading enterprise level,fixed asset size and market share,have a positive impact on the probability of selection of contract farming form.Among them,the higher the enterprise level is,or the larger the fixed asset size is,the higher the probability of company's selection of extended cooperation form in contract farming.The external environment,such as the competitive situation of the market and the difficulty of the loan,have a significant negative impact on the probability of company's selection of Collaboration forms.Government policy has a positive effect on the company's selection.That is to say,the fiercer the market competition is,or the more difficult the difficulty of the loan is,or the more significant government policy effect is,the higher the probability of company's selection of extended cooperation form.In particular,the impact of agricultural market risk on the basic form of the choice of enterprises is significantly negative,and its choice of expansion of the form of the probability is significantly positive.The impact of market share on company's selection of extended collaborative form is positive,while that on company's selection of basic collaborative form is not significant.On the other hand,from the influence of each factor,among the factors with significant positive impact,the order fulfillment rate has the greatest influence,the order effect is the second,and the agricultural market is the least risk;among the factors with significant negative influence,the market competition condition is the most influential,the order price type is the second,and the loan degree is the least.Moreover,it can be found that the factors with significant positive influence on the choice probability of expansion form impact more than that of the basic form.And the factors with significant negative influence have a greater influence on the probability of choosing the basic form of the enterprise than the choice of the extended form.In addition,the characteristics of the enterprise endowments in terms of operating years have no significant effect on the probability of longitudinal selection of agricultural orders.3.The Possible Innovation(1)Set up the framework of theoretical analysis,and explore the preference and equilibrium of the behavioral choices of agricultural subjects in terms of transaction cost structure and contract game theory.Build a theoretical analysis framework of “scenario setting-subject definition-behavior selection-operation performance”,and the selection preference of farmers' selection of collaborative subjects in the perspective of the transaction costs before,during and after the transaction is analyzed.And then based on different situation,use the contract game analysis to resolve the equilibrium conditions for the selection of collaborative forms.Compared with the existing research,this research reflects the across use of different theories,which is characteristic.(2)Analyze the mechanism of subjects' selection of collaborative form under contract farming from the perspective of structure.The subjects' selection of collaborative forms in the contract farming model is divided into two aspects: the main body selection mechanism and the form cooperative selection mechanism.The former mainly analyzes the internal mechanism of the farmers' choice of the cooperative subjects under the contract farming model.And the latter focuses on general rules of the cooperative society's and the company's selection of collaborative forms,to expand and refine the main cooperation selection mechanism research.Compared with the existing research,this research extends and specifies the selection mechanism,so there are certain characteristics in the research content.(3)Based on the different perspectives of subjects,different empirical methods are multiply applied.From the perspectives of farmer,cooperative society and company,the influential factors of collaborative subject selection and collaborative form selection are respectively analyzed.Empirically analyze the impact of individual and operating characteristics,market characteristics,order characteristics and system guarantee on farmer's selection of collaborative subjects.Respectively demonstrate the impact of factors such as operation conditions,contract characteristics and external environment on cooperative society's and company's selection of collaborative forms.So the application of multiple research methods is of certain characteristics. |
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