| Agricultural non-point source pollution(ANSP),especially what comes from crop farming,has become one of the main sources of pollution in the drinking water source area.Previous studies point out that,compared to traditional "command and control" means,the treatment effect of ecological compensation mechanism which aims at motivating micro subject to reduce pollution voluntarily is better.By taking participation willingness of farmers who is the direct producer of agricultural non-point source pollution for ecological compensation as the research object,this paper obtains the utility maximization conditions for farmer household production based on the theory of new consumer,and builds a family welfare function to in-depth analyze on the key factors affect family welfare optimization level.Furthermore,based on the survey data involving 541 rice farmers who reside in the water source areas of Qiaodun reservoirs in Wenzhou city and Siminghu reservoirs in Yuyao city,the paper using the methods of Ordered Logit model,Quantile Regression model and Simultaneous Bivariate Probit model to make all-round and specific empirical analysis on farmers' participation willingness for ecological compensation,which contains three logical progressive willingness as environmental protection participation willingness,compensation amount acceptance willingness,and compensation mode choice willingness.At last,according to the research conclusion in this paper and the study experiences of developed countries,the paper proposes the overall thinking for building ecological compensation mechanism to control the agricultural non-point source pollution.The main findings of the paper are as follows:(1)The utility maximization condition for farmer's production decision is making the marginal product value of production conditions created by ecological compensation being closed to that of other inputs.And under the condition of household welfare optimization,in addition to the individual characteristic factors,farmers' participation willingness for ecological protection are affected by price of different product and their efficiency of compensation utilization.The optimal compensation amount depends on the marginal product value of every input for the conservation tillage,traditional farming and other purposes.When choosing compensation mode,farmers make decisions based on the ability to stop economic loss of output,all kinds of needs wish compensation can fill,the conversion ratio of elements of different compensation methods and the marginal products value of every input under other compensation method condition.(2)The impact of income related factors on participation willingness for controlling agriculture non-point source pollution in the water source area is significant.Those who have concurrent business behavior,higher household income and personal income,or higher production efficiency are more inclined to choose to cut high rate of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.Farmers do not have a high level of perception of pesticide and fertilizer pollution,so the difference of participation willingness for controlling agriculture non-point source pollution is not obvious between farmers with different environment cognition degree.In addition,the farmers with higher WTA are more dependent on agricultural income.And their participation willingness is also relatively lower.(3)For the farmer's WTA to control non-point source pollution,in the case of cutting fertilizer amount,farmers' WTA expectation value in two places are close to the average profit as well as the average WTA of farmers whose willing cut amount is 30%and less than highest land conversion price of two places.But in the case of cutting pesticide,difference of farmers' expected WTA between two places is very apparent.The basic desire of the farmers is to ensure that the household consumption structure and levels of income are not affected.Production efficiency and the expected output reduction risk have positive effect to the expected compensation intensity.Total family income and proportion of food for sale are positively related to the expected compensation intensity and farmers with low participation willingness,poor family economic condition or economic environment have relatively high WTA.(4)Farmers,choice of compensation mode is the results of their comprehensive consideration for functionality,flexibility and stability of every compensation mode.The paper finds that although the cash compensation in the case of multiple choices is the most preferred compensation modes,the vast majority of farmers also have a very high acceptance for other non-cash compensation modes.At the same time,farmers also prefer the ecological compensation mode that has characteristics of both blood-transfusion compensation and tied compensation.In the case of multiple-multiple choice,cash compensation is still the favorite mode for farmers.The food compensation and alternative inputs are the second priority for them.The technological learning and other employment are the third priority.Killing insects by physical method and organic fertilizer are the least preferred.Farmers with high production efficiency and participation willingness are more likely to choose economic compensation,rather than technical compensation.Farmers having land with high degree of fragmentation or larger area prefer to alternative input and non-intelligence compensation.Farmers with high household income tend to choose intellectual compensation and other employment.(5)The selection differences for ecological compensation participation willingness related to the pesticide non-point source pollution control(NSPC)is smaller than that related to the fertilizer NSPC for fertilizer cut decisions is influenced by more factors than pesticide cut decision,which is mainly due to the fact that pesticide is an input with relatively higher production reduction risk.And this phenomenon is caused by the high production reducing risk of pesticide cutting.In the compensation mode respect,farmers are more cautious about the consequences of cutting the amount of pesticides and in the case of multiple-multiple choice they have much greater consciousness to disperse risk which leads them to prefer the compensation modes with characteristics of alternative.In the case of cutting the amount of fertilizer,as the risk of cutting the amount of fertilizer is relatively easy to control,farmers tend to choose compensation mode with characteristics of complementary.(6)The ecological compensation policy for treatment of ANSP in water source area based on the perspective of farmers must take into full account the needs of farmers to promote the ecological compensation for farmers' household for controlling ANSP.The design of compensation policy should focus on comprehensively upgrading the farmer's farmland management ability to promote their willingness to participate in ecological compensation.And executing agency should fully promote the environmental protection participation rate,the degree of comprehensive compensation satisfaction and the mode choice rationality for farmers under the guidance of five compensation principles,which are reflecting fairness,reflecting differences,reflecting credit,the corresponding compensation and damage compensation respectively.The innovation of this paper is:Firstly,for research content,the paper weighs and parses farmers' participation willingness for ecological compensation based on opportunity cost of household,and do a systematic research on treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution by farmers in water source area from three progressive level,which is not only considering the integrity of farmers' participation willingness but also the difference between different level.Secondly,in research method,this paper uses a combination of improved bidding game method,Quantile Regression model and Simultaneous Bivariate Probit model to make empirical results reliable and explanatory.Meanwhile,the measurement of the expected compensation intensity as well as the upgrade and integration of compensation modes promote make empirical results rigorous.thirdly,for research perspective,this paper analyzes the plight of agricultural NSPC based on the microscopic main body and then builds farmer's demand oriented ecological compensation mechanism for ANSP control based on empirical studying on farmers' willingness,which make the relative policy suggestions are more practical and operable. |
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