Tujia Areas In The Qing Dynasty Development And Environmental Change Research

Late 17th century,since the qing dynasty pacified after the chaos of San Francisco,the lineage in tujia area toast old the Ming dynasty,was under the rule and the management of the qing dynasty,until the mid and late 18th century,tujia areas gai-tu-gui-liu policy comprehensively,directly subject to the control of the central dynasty,since the qing government implemented a large-scale vertical to its development.In this paper,the "ecological environment","social environment" and "social and economic development in the qing dynasty inland minority region diversity and changing ecosystems and complicated and in change of social environment,from the perspective of people,society and natural interaction,explore the inner relationship between ecological system and social system,interprets the ecological environment degeneration and the social and economic development practice itself.And environmental history,history,geography,environmental sociology,environmental ethics and ecological anthropology,cultural anthropology and other disciplines theory and research method of the tujia nationality in the qing dynasty of regional economic development,social cultural change and the interactive relationship between and among ecological environment,people act in a social system and ecological system adaptation and modification of the two systems and related problems were studied.Is people to action of the complexity of ecosystem the dynamic evolution of tujia areas,which contains many man-made factors,the in the famine in mid and late qing in this area.Tujia areas,however,the social system itself has uniqueness,to solve the crisis of the ecological environment to take the corresponding measures,to a certain extent,to adjust the conflict between social system and ecological system,and reduce the degradation degree of the ecological environment.Based on the development history of tujia areas in the qing dynasty as the breakthrough point,the environment in tujia area in qing dynasty history,comb in tujia area development basic historical facts in the qing dynasty,on the basis of comprehensive study the tujia society changes in the understanding of the natural environment and resources and the use and transformation,to explore tujia social environment changes and the ecological environment interaction,reveals the regional economic development,natural ecological environment and society development in the interaction between model and internal driving force and the evolution law.This article is divided into five most.First chapter,from the natural ecological environment and social environment,the implementation of large-scale development of tujia nationality area in the qing dynasty of natural geography and social culture foundation made a simple comb,for the study of environmental background development history in the qing dynasty provides a long period of time.Tujia area located in the hinterland of China,belongs to the southwest region of central China,in the extension of the eastern yunnan-guizhou plateau area.Is the eastern plains and western mountains of transition zone,is the southwest of ancient central plains into the military,is into the region of hunan traffic throat,is also "Jiang Xitian HuGuang","sichuan HuGuang fill"two big must travel to get immigration and migration.Tujia area has long been considered a land of barbarians,rich,lush vegetation,vulgar "eight mountain half water half field".Since the qin and han dynasties,the imperial government and harmony mainly adopts system,the management of tusi system management mode.Tujia areas across four provinces border region offices,yu qian,its geographical space performance for certain administrative division,in different historical stages,its administrative ownership changes slightly.The evolution of administrative is the tujia nationality area in the evolution of the different historical period development space.The region is more ethnic characteristics of a number of large,small groups,and cultural features characterized by diversity,compound,has both commonness and individuality.In the qing dynasty before the development of tujia area is very limited,under the impetus of the immigration and garrison,who the tuen defensibly district agriculture development.This is the history of the development environment in tujia area in qing dynasty.The second chapter,through the local Chronicles,the local literature,genealogy,inscriptions,oral history,etc.The cause of the historical documents of the qing government to implement the development,process,content,has carried on the induction,analysis and discuss the tujia nationality in the qing dynasty in the form of regional development,characteristics and scale.The development of present stage,the regional characteristics in tujia area in qing dynasty.Factors influencing the development of tujia nationality area lies in the qing dynasty by the evolution of the political,economic,social and cultural system.Form three different historical period of social form regions:the system area,defend SuoQu,tusi area,has also led to the formation of three different kinds of administrative system,so as to show the regional features of development,of the difference between the social and cultural impact so far.Kang Yong years,countries through "ZhaoFu toast,stable place" strategy,further improve the system of strengthening toast,restoration and reconstruction and the moderate development and a series of measures to carry out the system of the qing dynasty,stable social order,ease social contradictions,in middle and later periods of the kangxi toast "zte" stage.Qianlong to light years,the central dynasty directly under effective control,the all-round development to upsurge in tujia area,big change in political environment and social environment,the unprecedented economic and cultural development,after the gai-tu-gui-liu policy,immigrant population explosion,changed the population structure of tujia areas,Ken immigrants become the main force of the development and the main force,full use of land resources of glebe developing,present "involuntary discharge of urine,to" force"of development.After the change of flow,indigenous and immigration in expanding living space,strive for survival resources further evolution of social contradiction,contradiction between human and land become ethnic differentiation and integration of the peak,produce "" those not sigh.Stagnation to before the xinhai revolution,tujia areas influenced by yat sen villa political environment background,the development of this period appear on the new features of modernization,but relatively amalgamations areas,in time order and degree of difference on depth.The third chapter,in a living way change as the breakthrough point,from the perspective of environmental lifestyle factors of the formation and evolution of different production,at the same time,from the perspective of cultural tujia society for the use of natural resources and the change of cognitive attitudes,emphatically from the ecological thought and ecological wisdom,local rules,customs and habits,etc,are discussed in this paper,through the comparative analysis to reveal the ethnic,cultural,religious and other social factors in the influence and function of environmental change.Tujia area agriculture development in the qing dynasty is the tujia society subsistence of powerful inner impetus of changes,based on the investigation to the subsistence mode change,further understanding to the natural environment system and social system of the evolution process of interaction.From shifting cultivation mode of production to settled agrarian economy,reflects the tujia society from passive adaptation to the environment initiative environment selection and transformation process,which is of all ethnic groups in the historical development of the result of interaction with the natural environment.Way of living the most can reflect all nationalities in different ecological thought and ecological consciousness.Tujia society in the long history of evolution,formed a unique ecological culture,to adjust their behavior pattern,make active response to changes in environment,so as to adapt to or affect the natural environment in the future.The fourth chapter,through the case study,mainly through the family tree,stone steles and the oral history,and proverbs,scholars' works,such as literature,poetry in-depth analysis of the different site condition,ecological environment change in response to community understanding of the ecological environment in tujia area in qing dynasty and ideas.Tujia the mutual influence between regional development and regional environment,on the one hand,economic development and land reclamation is not only influenced by topography,soil properties,the influence of natural factors such as climate characteristics,the political system in national regions and the qing government governance evolution,cultural change,the result of many kinds of social factors such as population migration;Economic development and land reclamation of,on the other hand,certain environmental effect,the ecological damage is very obvious,the forest resource degradation,secondary disasters is aggravating,rocky desertification of land desertification is serious,affect the development process of regional economy.Economic development and land reclamation of soil and water loss caused by serious impact the agricultural production efficiency,the officer of the people continue to strengthen environmental protection,and form is given priority to with secondary forest,plantations and forest and other auxiliary new ecosystem.Government and people have played an important role in environmental protection,local governments play the supervisory function of the administrative intervention and guidance of the totem and folk taboo,taboo of production and life of local rules,such as common law have played an important role in social engagement.Officer of the people cooperation is to maintain the effective mechanism and a long-term mechanism of ecosystem,be short of one cannot.Tujia area on a large scale economic development brings the prosperity and development of rural economy,in the traditional era dominated by agriculture industry,to solve the conflict and the contradiction between human and land culture,agricultural development and environmental protection also vital region economic and social development,the road of sustainable development is bolstering region.The fifth part is conclusion.From the regional economy,resources and environment and society development to further illustrate the interaction between the whole of the mutual influence and restriction among the ecological processes.The first level analysis of the strategy of the national development of minority areas and the way and the development of top political and economic thought;Second level analysis of the civil society(national,national)in the development of the selection and adjustment,analyses the state and society interaction and game.The third level from the perspective of ecological environment and resources,analysis of the state and society's role in the development process and the qing government in minority nationality areas development depth and intensity,to reveal the environment hidden behind the complex social contradictions and social conflicts.This article through to the interaction between development and environment in tujia area in qing dynasty,economic and cultural development and the regional ecological environment,political,and social interaction process,in order to further enrich the study of the history of development history,social history,environment and local and regional history,regional social development to provide reference and reflection for the nation.