Effects Of Inventory Modes On Carbon Emissions In Supply Chain Under Different Carbon Emission Reduction Policies

China is a major energy consumption country whose annual carbon dioxide emissions are huge.The serious carbon emissions problem has attracted the high attention of our government.On November 30,2015,general secretary Jinping Xi renewed his commitment at the Paris Conference on climate change that China will achieve the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 60%-65% in 2030,compared with that in 2005.The pressure of carbon emission reduction is great for our country.Each work link of the supply chain will generate carbon emissions,especially the transport link,which results in a large amount of carbon emissions.How to reduce the carbon emissions in supply chain operation has aroused the concern of governments and scholars around the world.Through sorting out the relevant literatures,it is found that there are few literatures which study on the carbon emission reduction in supply chain from the perspective of inventory mode.Therefore,this paper employs the methods of literature research,theoretical analysis,storage theory,game theory and so on to study the issue that the effects of inventory modes on carbon emissions in supply chain under different carbon emission reduction policies,based on defining and elaborating on the key concepts,such as inventory mode,carbon emissions in supply chain,and guided by basic theories,such as low carbon economy theory,supply chain theory and storage theory.The main research work and conclusions are as follows:(1)The effect of JIT-zero inventory management strategy on carbon emissions in supply chain.On the basis of elaborating on the principle,advantages and key points in the implementation of JIT purchasing,this work studies the effect of JIT-zero inventory management strategy on carbon emissions in supply chain by constructing EOQ-JIT different cost function and EOQ-JIT different carbon emissions function.Taking the supply chain consisting of a single supplier(manufacturer)and a single retailer as the research object,the paper considers carbon emission factor in the supplier's production and holding inventory,and retailer's ordering,transportation and holding inventory.The research results indicate that:the JIT purchasing cannot always guarantee the minimum total cost and carbon emissions in supply chain,in some cases,there is conflict between supply chain economic and environmental aims;if the supplier's annual production capacity is close to the retailer's annual demand,the supply chain system is more easier to achieve the unification of economic and environmental goals when the retailer takes JIT purchasing;Transport scale effect has significant influence on the retailer procurement decision-making,and reducing the fixed cost and fixed carbon emissions in transportation is the key to implement JIT purchasing successfully.(2)The effect of lateral transshipment strategy on carbon emissions in supply chain.On the basis of elaborating on the basic idea,advantages and key points in the implementation of lateral transshipment,this work takes the supply chain consisting of a single supplier(manufacturer)and two retailers as the research object,and studies the effect of horizontal cooperation on carbon emissions in supply chain considering there is unidirectional transshipment between retailers.Through the establishment of two retailers decentralized decision-making mathematical model and centralized decision-making mathematical model for the supply chain system and solving the models,it is found that: only when the two retailers taking complete lateral transshipment,lateral transshipment strategy can not only reduce the total cost of the supply chain system,but also decrease the carbon emissions;however,the two retailers can't achieve Pareto improvement,the Rubinstein bargaining model is used to solve the problem that retailers' cooperation cost allocation,which meets collective rationality and individual rationality,and a concrete scheme of cooperation cost allocation is proposed by setting up reasonable transshipment price;the higher the transshipment frequency which is required by retailer 2 is,the higher the transshipment price is.(3)The effect of jointly managed inventory strategy on carbon emissions in supply chain.On the basis of elaborating on the basic idea,advantages and key points in the implementation of jointly managed inventory strategy,this work takes the supply chain consisting of a single supplier(manufacturer)and multiple retailers as the research object,and studies the effect of jointly managed inventory strategy on carbon emissions in supply chain considering the construction cost of warehouse.By the comparison between retailers decentralized decision,retailers horizontal cooperation decision and supply chain vertical and horizontal cooperation decision,it is found that the performance of supply chain vertical and horizontal cooperation is better than that of retailers horizontal cooperation,which can not only reduce the total cost,but also decrease the carbon emissions.However,it is not suitable to take the vertical and horizontal cooperation strategy for the shorter life cycle product,which should adopt horizontal cooperation strategy.The greater the fixed construction cost of warehouse and the smaller the total market demand of retailers are,the stronger the enterprises' cooperation motivation is.However,the higher carbon tax rate/carbon trading price will hinder the vertical and horizontal cooperation among the supply chain members and bring greater carbon emissions.Through the mathematical proof,it is found that the vertical and horizontal cooperation game among the supply chain members is permutationally concave game.Hence,there exists reasonable and effective cost allocation scheme to achieve Pareto improvement which can promote a grand coalition among the supplier and retailers.The cost allocation schemes of vertical and horizontal cooperation game are proposed based on proportion rule under carbon tax policy and cap-and-trade policy respectively,which are proved to be effective.(4)The strategy for carbon emission reduction in supply chain.According to the above research results,this paper has compared the performances of supply chain in terms of cost and carbon emissions with the three inventory modes,which are JIT-zero inventory management strategy,lateral transshipment strategy and jointly managed inventory strategy,and analyzed the case of WAL-MART's low-carbon inventory management.The work puts forward specific countermeasures and suggestions for enterprises to reduce the carbon emissions in supply chain,such as selecting the appropriate inventory mode according to the actual situation of enterprises,choosing the right suppliers and carrying out low-carbon transformation for suppliers,innovating low-carbon culture and promoting the conversion of supply chain to low carbonization.It also gives specific countermeasures and suggestions for government to reduce the carbon emissions in supply chain,such as employing the appropriate carbon emission reduction policy to promote enterprises to reduce carbon emissions in supply chain operations,providing low-carbon technology innovation subsidies to enterprises and encouraging enterprises to carry out low-carbon technology innovation,actively building low-carbon culture system and advocating low-carbon production and life.