Taxonomy,Phylogeny And Biogeography Of Sanghuangporus(Hymenochaetales,Basidiomycota)

"Sanghuang" is a medicinal fungus in Chinese medicine.The sanghuang complex has been transferred to Sanghuangporus.The taxonomical study of Sanghuangporus in China is lagged behind,the species diversity of fungi is not well known.There are still many controversial issues in taxonomy and genetics researches.The problem of misuse of name has severely hindered its research about medicinal value and other aspects.Therefore,it is necessary to carry out systematic taxonomy and genetics diversity studies of Sanghuangporus.The study on phylogeny,genetics diversity and biogeography by Sanghuangporus would provide theoretical support for related aspects research of"Sanghuang" around the world.The study on taxonomic and phylogeny of Sanghuangporus,318 speciments from 12 countries were collected.Most of them from forest in China by the author and herbarium of BJFC,IFP,CFMR and PRM/JV.The differences among different species were examined based on the mophorlogical characters.Phylogenetic analyses,population genetic statistics,historical biogeography and ancestral areas of Sanghuangporus were conducted based on two not coding sequence(ITS and nrLSU)and three coding sequence(EF1-?,RPB1 and RPB2)by using softwares(PAUP*4.0b10,MrBayes 3.1.3,Arlequin v 3.5.2.2,BEAST v 1.8 and RASP v1.1).The main contents and results are as follow:(1)thirteen species were studied,nine species originated in East and Central Asia.The illustrated descriptions of nine species of Sanghuangporus,and their hosts,distribution and remarks were provided in our study;(2)the phylogenetic analyses of the combined datasets are performed based on Maximum Parisimony,Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood.The ITS show the most excellent ability in the phylogenetic analyses in Sanghuangports(3)EF1-? and RPB2 genes molecular markers were used the genetic structure in twenty-three populations of Sanghuangporus.Populations sampled in China contained a high level of haplotype and genetic diversity(Hdt=0.960,?t=0.02917;HdR=0.937,?R=0.04273);Southwest lineage are distinct obviously from northern lineage in China.Distribution of haplotypes results consistent with the division of geographical area;AMOVA based on EF1-? and RPB2 genees showed that populations within groups allocated 54.146%and 48.148%of the total variation;Mismatch distribution of the number of pairwise nucleotide differences revealed population status is expansion or continued growth.(4)the BEAST result based on multi-locus and fossil suggest that the maximum crown age of Sanghuangporus is approximately 30.85 million years.East Asia is the likely ancestral area(38%).Dispersal and differentiation to other continents then occurred during the late Middle Miocene and Pliocene.(5)six kinds of dispersal routes are proposed,including intercontinental dispersal events of three clades between Northeast Asia and East Africa,between East Asia and North America,and between Northeast Asia and Europe.