| The research on the relationship between ecosystem services and socio-economic development is gradually emerging in the process of intensifying the contradiction between the increasing demand for ecosystem services in human social development and the declining ability of natural ecosystems to provide ecosystem services.It seeks to use scientific means to provide reliable basis for environmental protection and decision-making,and then improve ecosystem management,strengthen ecosystem protection,and enhance human well-being.Based on the idea of sustainable development and taking Hulunbuir City as the research area,this paper firstly proposes to construct a research content relationship framework of"ecosystem pattern and vegetation coverage change-net primary productivity and carbon storage change-forest ecosystem service function change and trade-off synergy relationship-coupling relationship between forest ecosystem service function and socio-economic benefits-driving force of ecological benefits of typical ecological restoration projects"on regional scale.Then,the proposition of"the coupling study of multi-functional change and comprehensive benefits of Hulunbeir forest ecosystem"is put forward.Finally,based on multi-period remote sensing monitoring data,meteorological observation data,literature and statistics data,forest resources survey data,long-term positioning observation of forest ecological monitoring data and social public data published by authoritative departments,the coupling analysis of social and economic comprehensive benefits is carried out by using relevant tools of GIS and relevant models.The main conclusions are as follows:?1?From 1990 to 2015,the comprehensive dynamic degree of ecosystem types showed a downward trend?from 0.97%to 0.18%?,indicating that the change of ecosystem types pattern in the study area tended to be stable.Ecological restoration measures ware the primary driving force?contribution rate was 53.07%?that affected the ecosystem change in the study area,followed by agricultural and animal husbandry development?contribution rate was 28.29%?.Landscape fragmentation index showed an overall upward trend?from 0.164 to 0.171?,human disturbance index showed a fluctuating trend of decreasing first?0.506 to 0.501?,then increasing?0.501 to0.515?and then decreasing?0.515 to 0.510?,indicating that the landscape change in the study area was significantly affected by human activities.From 2000 to 2015,the vegetation coverage was generally good?average vegetation coverage was 78.97%?85.64%?,mainly increased?accounting for 66.74%of the total area?,while the vegetation coverage in the forest-grass ecotone and grassland region in western decreased?accounting for 7.97%of the total area?.The increase or decrease of vegetation coverage has different degrees of response to construction requisition,returning farmland to lake,abandoning wasteland,reclaiming farmland from lake,land development and land reclamation.The increase of vegetation coverage was mainly due to the conversion of large amounts of land into unused land and forests.?2?From 1985 to 2015,the results of simulation based on Biome-BGC model showed that the daily average NPP of different vegetation types in the study area showed a steady?January to March?-a sharp increase?April to July?-a sharp decline?August to October?-a steady trend?November to December?.The annual variation trend of NPP in different vegetation types was similar,the annual mean NPP of Quercus forests was the largest(624.38 g Cm-2a-1)and that of grassland was the smallest(132.27 g Cm-2a-1).The trend of vegetation NPP varies greatly in space,accounting for 53.44%of the total area,mainly distributed in Zhalantun,Arong Banner,Chenbalhu Banner,Ewenki Autonomous Banner,Erguna and the northern part of Genhe,while in the southern part of Yakeshi and northwest part of Oroqen Autonomous Banner,NPP declines obviously,with the rate exceeding 1 g Cm-2a-1,and other banner cities have also been reduced to varying degrees.,the rate is about 1 g Cm-2a-1.The change of NPP of forest vegetation is mainly controlled by temperature,while that of Shrubs,Grassland,Swampy meadow and Farmland is mainly controlled by precipitation.The order of annual average carbon reserves of different vegetation types was Quercus forests>Pinus forests>Betula forests>Larix forests>Farmland>Swampy meadow>Shrubs>Grassland,the annual and annual average carbon reserves of vegetation showed a trend of Eastern>Central>Western.?3?In 1998,2006 and 2014,the forest ecosystem services of the four banners of Oroqen Autonomous Banner,Erguna,Yakeshi and Genhe accounted for 67.93%?82.02%?1998?,68.50%?82.13%?2006?and 67.15%?81.99%?2014?,respectively.Larixi,Betula and Quercus accounted for 91.76%?95.72%?1998?,91.58%?94.52%?2006?and 87.78%?92.32%?2014?,respectively.The increase of functions of forest ecosystem services in 1998?2014 was significantly greater than that in 1998?2006.From 1998 to 2014,the functions of Quercus ecosystem services decreased,while those of Picea forests,Larixi forests,Pinus forests,Betula forests,Ulmus forests,Populus forests,Salix forests,economic forests and shrubs increased.The main functions of forest ecosystem are synergistic and mutually beneficial relationships,which are prominent between water conservation and soil conservation,water conservation and carbon sequestration and oxygen release,water conservation and nutrient accumulation of trees,water conservation and purification of atmospheric environment and biodiversity conservation.?4?In 1998,2006 and 2014,the distribution proportion of social and economic benefits and forest ecological benefits in most banners and urban areas of the study area were obviously asymmetrical,and the areas covered with forest resources tended to lag behind in social and economic development.The coupling degree between socio-economic development and forest ecological benefits is less than 0.500,which indicates that the coupling degree between the two systems is in a staggering stage and at a low level.The coupling degree of socio-economic development and forest ecological benefits in the whole region increased from 0.322 in 1998 to0.328 in 2014,which indicated that the interaction between the two systems had little change in the development process.The degree of coupling and coordination of the two systems increased from 0.218 to 0.229,but the level of coupling and coordination remained at a low level.Although the study area had abundant forest resources,the social and economic development of each banner urban area was not coordinated with the development of forest ecological benefits.The value of forest ecosystem services increased by 0.300%,0.211%,0.169%,0.132%and 0.124%respectively when the gross output value of agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery,urbanization rate,investment in social fixed assets,the proportion of non-agricultural industries in GDP and per capita GDP increased by 1%.The value of forest ecosystem services decreased by 0.026%or 0.022%for every 1%increase in population or road network density.?5?Based on DPSIR-m DSS model,the comprehensive evaluation of ecological benefits during the implementation of Natural Forest Protection Program?NFPP?in the study area from2000 to 2015 shows that the most sensitive factors affecting the ecological benefits of natural forest protection projects in the study area are the investment quota of natural forest protection projects,the proportion of the area of nature reserves,the timber output,the average annual wages of workers,population density,road network density and other socio-economic factors.The driving force increased steadily?the added value was 0.177?,the pressure,state and influence increased fluctuatively?the added value was 0.137,0.093 and 0.197?,the comprehensive value increased by 62%during the study period,the fluctuation increased in the earlier period?2000?2008?,and the steady increase in the later period?2008?2015?,which indicated that the ecological benefits of NFPP in the study area showed a fluctuating upward trend.As far as the comprehensive evaluation results are concerned,DPSIR-m DSS model can better reflect these fluctuations in the evaluation process. |
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