On The Concept Of Freedom Of Das Kapital

Freedom,as the core issue of Marxist philosophy,has always been concerned by people.However,the issue of freedom of Das Kapital is rarely studied.In Das Kapital,Marx exposed and criticized that people in capitalist society of the 19th century were living in a state without freedom or individuality for being ruled and dominated by capital,and proposed the possibility and reality way to the realm of freedom.What should be noted is that in the 21st century,the situation of people being ruled by capital has not been eliminated,and even the entire society has entered the "era of financial capital revelry." Then,how to solve the paradox between capital and freedom,how to get modern people out of the control of capital logic,how to help people contemporary go to a free and all-round development era should be an important issue of the study of contemporary political philosophy.Therefore,this article interprets Das Kapital from the perspective of political philosophy and reveals its final value purport--freedom.The study of freedom of Das Kapital shows that,by using the "dialectic of reasonable forms" and on the basis of his practical philosophy,Marx unfolded the critique of political economy in capitalist society,critically studied the civil city,exposed the living situation of humans in the society,broke the "liberal"illusion of capitalist society,and eventually clarified the true human freedom and its realization path.Based on this,the thesis is divided into four parts.The issue of freedom has always been a matter of practical philosophy,and Marx's practical philosophy is the philosophical foundation for Das Kapital.From the meaning of existential ontology,Kant stipulated the real practice activity as the moral practice activity of "following the concept of freedom".So,in Kant's practical philosophy,freedom means self-discipline.Hegel defined freedom as the freedom of self-awareness and practice as the self-movement.Hegel thought that the self-consciousness had been constantly recognizing and abandoning it-self during the process of dialectical movement,and ultimately it realized freedom.And Hegel emphasized that in order to confirm the existence of it-self,self-awareness must recognize the existence of the "other".Therefore,Hegel considered that freedom could only realized in State,and the modern state system and the law were the reality forms of freedom.Given all that,Hegel's practical philosophy has realized the unification of theory and practice in the form of speculation,and endowed practice and freedom with history and initiative.Marx critically inherited Kant's practical philosophy and Hegel's practical philosophy.He defined practice and freedom from the two dimensions:the existentialism of ontology and the epistemology.Marx defined practice as the perceptual activity of human,and stipulated the material practical activity as the primary attribute of practice.Marx emphasized the existentialism of ontology was the fundamental dimension,which meant that human practice was the embodiment of human's essential characteristics and human beings constantly generated themselves during the process of practice activities.On the other hand,the epistemology dimension of practice was to say that people constantly recognize and reconstruct the objective through human's practical activities.And the world ultimately realizes human freedom.In Das Kapital,Marx critically studied the capitalist society,which was the realistic foothold of the word that Marx wanted to explain and change,in the form of a political economy critique.Thus,we can say that Das Kapital truly fulfills and realizes Marx's practical philosophy.The classical political economics made an empirical analysis of the economic category of the capitalist society by the scientific abstraction way from the concrete to the abstract.It summarized and summed up the laws of capitalist society's economic movement and demonstrated the eternal nature and universality of capitalist society.Hegel's concept--dialectics expressed the world in terms of the logical movement of concepts.And he discovered the contradictions and conflicts in a civil society by the use of the concept dialectics.While Hegel emphasized that the development of the world should obey and be in accordance with the concept of logic,which led to the reconciliation of history and freedom.Marx thought that both Classical political economy and Hegel's philosophy eventually became the "ideology" that demonstrated the inevitability of capitalist society.Therefore,Marx critically inherited the"substantial content" of Classical political economy and the "reasonable form" of Hegel's dialectics,forming the "dialectics of reasonable form" of Das Kapital.Firstly,Marx emphasized the identity of thinking and being on the premise of the heterogeneity.Then he critically studied the political economy by the dialectics from the abstract to the concrete,achieving a specific totality of economic categories such as commodities,money,and capital;revealing the relationship between human beings behind these categories,achieving a holistic examination of the capitalist society structure and exposing human's existence condition in capitalist society.Thus the methodology foundation of revealing the concept of freedom of Das Kapita has been laid.Das Kapital as an important part of the revolution of Marx's philosophy,Das Kapital and Marx's philosophy are with the same final value what is the realization of human freedom by changing the world.In Das Kapital,Marx critically and historically analyzed the civil society through the critique of political economy,thus forming a new kind of political philosophy research paradigm which is different from modern liberalism to study the freedom problem.Under the premise of insisting on the path of constructing the political philosophy from facts to values and emphasizing the homogenous and heterogeneous unity of facts and values,Marx revealed the formal freedom of commodity exchange relationship and the factual freedom--the freedom of capital in capitalist society where humans are completely subject to the rule an domination of capital without any individuality or freedom.Therefore,Marx put forward that the realistic freedom should be the individuality freedom of the people in the human society.Individuality freedom,as the state of survival and development of human beings under ideal social conditions in the future,is the freedom Marx pursued in Das Kapital,as well as in the entire Marxist philosophy.Firstly,individuality freedom means the duality transcendence of human dependence and material dependence,thus people turn to individuals with independence and personality.Secondly,individuality freedom means the return of human nature.In capitalist society,labor as human's objective activity became forced wage labor as human wage labor.And only in the communist society stage where individuality freedom can be realized,labor would truly become an object-oriented activity that embodies human's own subjective characteristics,realizing the real possession of the self-essence.Thirdly,the realization of individuality freedom means the full development of human personality,especially the multifaceted development of human capabilities.Individuality freedom as the ideal living condition of human beings could only be realized in communist society.At the same time,individuality freedom as the norm of value guides the reality of the communist movement toward the communist society.Therefore,the realization of individuality freedom needs to rebuild individual ownership on the basis of vigorously developing productive forces and constructing individual subjectivity.Above all,in Das Kapital,Marx set out his concept of freedom the issue of human freedom from the meaning of existentialism of ontology,referred freedom to the survival activity of humans,pointed out that the realistic human freedom should be a kind of ideal living state where human's " individuality freedom" is fully developed,and practically found a realistic path to achieve "individuality freedom".In Das Kapital,Marx no longer rest on the theory of abstract free rights.Instead,he discussed the realization issue of the realistic freedom with the starting point of the critique of the factual right,realized the transformation of Marx's study paradigm of political philosophy which promotes and enriches the study of Marx's political philosophy and embodied the deeper humanistic value concern of Marx's philosophy.