A Research On The Political Function Of Diange System And The Positions Of Civil Officials In The Song Dynasty

This paper mainly discusses the Diange(?? Imperial Court&Palace Court)and the system of the title system in Song Dynasty.It discusses the establishment and function of the Diange from the perspective of institutional history,and the evolution of the nature,positioning and actual de-authorization of the title system in the Civil Official system.Tianzhang Royal Institute and many more Royal Institute(?? ZhuGe),which was established in the period of Zhenzong,was of the utmost importance among various Royal Institutes that stored the collected works of emperors,royal collections,and archives in the imperial palace of Song dynasty.With painstakingly management on the foundation of the huge collections of ZhuGe Royal Institute,during the period of Song Renzong,which set up some official positions such as the Clients(?? Shicong),Serving Study(f?? Shijiang),and held a series of political activities like the talk with emperors*hold court*the Classic Lecture(??Jingyan).It became an essential part for the discussion of political affairs and the audience with the emperor in the inner court.At the beginning of the Southern Song dynasty,ZhuGe Royal Institute was used to store the portraits of emperors and political archives after its rebuilt,due to the adjustment of the interior structure and functions in the inner court of the Southern Song dynasty.New ceremonies were also established as a way of showing respect.Meanwhile,the official position of the Clients turned to be nominal in late Northern Song dynasty,as a result,the official position of ZhuGe Royal Institute,which was a kind of civil position holding real power,was now merely an official title.The establishment of ZhuGe Royal Institute and the evolution of its official positions and titles on the one hand indicates its special status among all Royal Institutes in Song Dynasty.On the other hand,it shows the reform of the Royal Institutes in the inner court and the transformation of the Clients' administrative function during Song Dynasty.The positions of Diange is the most important part of the Civil Officials' record in Song Dynasty system.In the early period of the Northen Song Dynasty,the positions of Diange was characterized by identity and position.At the beginning of the Zhenzong period,the positions of Diange was built.It were used to resettle the high-ranking bureaucrats after the resignation.The system continued to the end of the Song Dynasty since the completion of the Renzong period,and its tend to identity.The names of the various clubs were originally selected to be good at literary personnel.They was serving for the emperor.Since the early days of Renzong period,the positions of Diange have gradually been repaid,and they have been promoted by Civil Officials of Sansi(??)and Zhuanyun(??)system.Since Ren Zong period,the civil officials has been promoted to the Diange position.It has become a routine after serving both internal and external fixed positions.The Diange position has gradually turned to an identity title rather than a function assignments(??).Between Zhiping(??)and Xining(??)years,this trend is even stronger.After the reform of the investigating the rank system in Yuanfeng(??)years,the most important factor in the positions of Diange was the expansion of the title is the internal restructuring of the officer system,which leads to changes in the positions of Diange.The positions of Diange which had the nature of the literary sentiment thas disappeared completely,and the nature of its internal functions has disappeared,completely turning into identity and title(??).After several adjustments in Yuanfeng(??)years,in the period of Huizong period,the positions of Diange was decoupled from the rank of the ministry.After the nature of the of Diange's positions changed,because of its more emphasis on the characteristics of the virtual title,the scope of the change was also changed.Since the middle and late period of Huizong period to the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty,due to the adjustment of administrative divisions and other reasons,due to the need to give the grassroots titles,the local level of decentralization has declined,and the grant tends to be grassroots.At the same time,due to the abolition of other virtual title systems,the Diange title system took on most of the rewards and rewards,which made the generalization of the record system and transfer in the late Northern Song Dynasty still higher than the previous period.The Petition of official books' Ceremony(??)is royal ritual established and fixed since the late period of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty.It began in the Imperial Work of Hui Zong in the 24th year of Shaoxing which is the reign title of GaoEmperor.The main objects of presenting the book were the Emperor' s Genealogies(??),Historical records,Compendiums of government and social institutions and the Imperial Works.The establishment,fixing and perfecting of the Petition of official books' Ceremony embodies the sincere admiration for the former generation's historical records since the late of the GaoEmperor's period,and gives more symbolic significance to the rituals of the official books.Its regulation was followed by the Southern Song Dynasty.Meanwhile,the frequent holding of the ceremony has led to the over-pomotion of the awarded officers for officials participating in the ceremony.In the early days the establishment of positions of Diange was essentially a staff or secretarial dispatch.The establishment was not vested in the cabinet and embodies the characteristics of the Neizhi(??).Most of the above titles from the Daizhi(??)record are higher,which belong to middle and upper classes of the hierarchy.The two characteristics of the above-mentioned halls have made the incumbent enjoy special treatment in Zayae(??)class,signing instruments,pre-meeting meeting place,recommendation officer and economic treatment.After the Yuanfeng(??)years,the characteristics of the Neizhi(??)gradually disappeared.But in the system of professional officers,they are still in parallel with the staff members.And the civil officials which had the Diange' s recoed can receive relevant treatment.