A Research On The Ba'Chu Svsterm Of Civil Officials In The Song Dynasty

The Ba'Chu(??)System refers to "the punishments of officials who got from the feudal courts after they violated the disciplines,laws or because of other reasons,including disciplinary measures on economy,qualifications,honors,duties,personal liberty,etc".Further more,another aspect of the Ba 'Chu System was the reinstatement of the officials and subsequent follow-up procedures by the feudal courts.The substance of the Ba'Chu System was to ensure the smooth operation of the regime by methods such as Bachu and Xufu(??),and it has a legal and effective system to punish,to eliminate,and to recommission the officials.The core of Ba 'Chu System was the punishments of the duties such as Guan(?),Zhi(?)and Chai'Qian(??),and personal liberty.The core of the discussion in this article focuses on the Ba'Chu of civil officials in the Song Dynasty.The Ba'Chu system developed and matured gradually,which reached its peak in the Song Dynasty.During the Song dynasty,there formed a complete and self-consistent system with strict regulations and a set of processes,which includes the processing and regulations before,during,and after the officials were dismissed.Before the officials were dismissed,the corresponding regulations and designs of dismissing the civil officials,provided the premise and foundation to operate the system.The Ba'Chu events were various.These events,when looked from the longitudinal perspective according to the suitable types,can be summarized as a system whose core elements were Guan,Zhi and Chai'Qian,and personal liberty,which was suitable for different situations.And when looked from the horizontal perspective,according to difference of the way of measure,these events included Chong'Ti(??),Chai'Ti(??),Dui'Yi(??):Jiang'Guan(??),Jiang'Jie(??),Luo'Zhi(??),Jiang'Zhi(??),Duo'Zhi(??);Chu'Ming(??),Le'Ting(??);An'Zhi(??),Ju'Zhu(??),Bian'Guan(??),Ji'Guan(??),etc.During the dismission of the officials,what's essential is that the process of the dismissal of the civil officials,and the supervision and management of the demotion.These processes include review and prosecution,trial and re-check,Neijiang Wenzi(????)and Fegbo(??),and even departure and execution procedures.The operation of the process should be in the form of a certain instrument,which involves the Ba'Chu Zhishu(????),Guangao(??),Jieyu Wenshu(????),etc.To strengthen the supervision and administration of deposed civilian,it is in view of the officials in the fall of a variety of illegal activities.The supervision and management measures mainly include Chenshew(??),Jinye(??)and other restrictions,and Fenglu(??),diet,living and even the Guizang(??).And control of the deposed officials is mainly refers to the right to remove officials qualification restrictions,including Renzhi(??),Zhuanguan(??),Enze(??)and so on.The restrictions to further increased the deterrent threat of the Ba'Chu System.After the dismission,the dismissed officials can wipe out their crimes and look for reinstatement,which called Suxue(??)and Xufu(??).Suxue is a mechanism for correcting and relieving the system of dismissal,which is conducive to resolving the injustice that had occurred during the dismissal.The Xufu Systerm is that every time it meets or experiences a certain time limit,the country followed the established procedures and conducts activities for collecting crimes or officials who have been banned according to law.Its main content corresponds to the object of the dismissal system,including retribution.And restore the freedom of officials and others.The Xufu Systerm not only allows the deposed officials to have the opportunity to re-enter official careers through legal procedures,thereby maintaining the stability of the official hierarchy.At the same time,self-purification and circulation can be completed by the Xufu Systerm.From the perspective of the evolution of the development of the Ba' Chu System,the Song Dynasty had completed the transcendence of the previous generation,especially the progress of political civilization,reflecting the extremely high political civilization and institutional values.However,due to the limitations of the times,there are also some unavoidable flaws.The more prominent are the damages to the government and the proliferation of illegal reconciliation,affecting the political ecology of the Song Dynasty.Judging from the overall trend,as an important part of the official management system in the Song Dynasty,the Ba'Chu System and the official system are closely linked.As a consistent clue in the Ba'Chu System,the basic pattern and changes of the official service system of the Song Dynasty had always exerted influence on the Ba'Chu System.The Official System has shaped the basic appearance of the Ba'Chu System,and the Ba'Chu System was dependent on and subjected to the Official System.Changes in the system can also see the changing trend of the Official System.Among them,the Reform of Yuanfeng(????)was a particularly striking event.The horizontal influencing factors of institutional trends are attributed to political and social culture.At the time,the political situation,ideological concepts,and so on were all internalized in the form of political culture in the Ba'Chu System.The transformation of the decimation policy and the preferential treatment of officials and scholars were all the reflection of political traditions at the time.And the concept of Qingzhuo(??)and Zhongwen Qingwu(????),etc,also had a certain impact on the specific aspects of the Ba'Chu System.