| With the in-depth development of globalization,the interdependence and mutual competition of economy have become the 'stabilizers' of political relations among nations.The increasing interdependence of economy makes the geopolitics shift from 'high-politics(security)' to 'low-politics(economy)' in both the form and the content.The logic of confliction in the geopolitical era gradually gives way to the logic of competition in the geo-economics era.As a result,geo-economic relations have become the main axis of the national relations.Using the infiltration effect of geo-economics to speak and dominate in the international affairs has become the main geostrategy of a nation.In the context of the geo-economic shift,the production specialization and the international division of labor break the geographical restrictions among the countries,regions and ethnic groups.The regional system is reconstructed worldwide and the spatial boundaries is gradually weakened.The economic relations among countries or regions demonstrate the multi-level and multi-subject intertwined network features,therefore,the complexity of geo-economic relations is strengthened.The studies on the geo-economics are mainly based on the theory of international relations and economics,which focus on the interdisciplinary relationship between geoeconomics and geopolitics,the geo-economic policies and strategies of different countries,analyze the geo-economic relations between major countries and summarize the principles of geo-economic phenomena in the different regions.The study on the geo-economics is based on the geographical units with geographical proximity and spatial connection.It studies the transmission mechanism of the geographic location,resource endowment,economic structure and other related factors on national economic relations.However,the existing research of geo-economics deviates from the space and ignores the impact of spatial variables on the geo-economic relations among countries.On one hand,spatial issues are not the core theme of international studies.On the other hand,it is difficult to integrate spatial and political variables into the study on the international economic relation.Therefore,this research comprehensively and systematically studies the spatial interdependence and system complexity of geo-economics.The purpose of this research is to construct the analytical framework,to provide complementary empirical methods for geo-economic econometric research,and to understand the geo-economic environment of the international community.At the same time,this research will provide China with the scientific basis and theoretical support for the peaceful rise,which includes the expansion of geo-economic interest space,the external penetration of economic power and the rational allocation of geo-economic strategic resources.Moreover,this research summarizes the evolutionary patterns of the global geoeconomic relations.The deep mechanism of global geo-economic relationship is explored from the perspective of the competitive and cooperative geo-economic relationship.The implications and policy advice are made for the future spatial allocation of Chinese geo-economic resources.The results show that:(1)Regional trade agreements are the institutional basis for the formation of the geo-economic relations among countries,and the trade relations are the important manifestation of the geo-economic relations among countries,especially the commodity trade plays an important role in the geo-economic relations between countries.With the increasing fluctuation of the total commodity trade,the geoeconomic relationship shows the trend of densification and diversification,and the spatial distribution evolves from "single-core" to "three-core" pattern,and the spatial differentiation of the commodity trade structure depicts the functional differences of different regions in the geo-economic system to a certain extent.(2)The spatial pattern of geo-economic connection strength has a strong spatial autocorrelation,and the combination of the factors,such as the scale of a nation,factor endowment,innovation ability and political stability,is nonlinear to the spatial overflow of geo-economic resources.The scale advantage of the great powers is fundamental for the acquisition and radiation of the geostrategic resources.It will promote the spatial spillover of the geo-economic resources.The endowment of production factors is the endogenous driving force of the national geo-economic linkages.The innovation is the crucial engine for countries to gain external geo-economic connections,decides their roles in the international division of labor,and is the key to the formation of the world's "core-semiperiphery-periphery" economic system.To some extent,it weakens the dependence on space.The political fragmentation impedes the geo-economic connection among nations;the transnational investment has less spatial dependence on national geo-economic relations,which is presented in the interaction between the alternative mechanisms and the compensation mechanisms.(3)The geo-economic relational network presents a system of topological connections,which is dynamic,relational and complex.In terms of the structural complexity,the network at the global scale demonstrates a 'hub-radiation' and a 'big triangle' structure,and the spatial pattern is dominated by three cores,undertaken by three rings and represented by multiple points.In terms of the attribute complexity,the characteristics of the global geo-economy network are self-organization,small world,scale-free,and heterogeneity.The global-economy is a dynamic evolution system which is characterized by the robustness and vulnerability.In terms of the functional complexity,the spatial patterns varies between different centralities,and the spatial pattern of geo-economic functional classification is conjugated to the 'circle structure'.There shows the geographical proximity effect among the countries in the same geo-economic groups,but the intensity of geo-economic linkages is not following the decreasing rules of the circle.The existence of the strong geo-economic relations among large countries and the combination of other elements(such as knowledge flow,technology exchange,diplomatic relations,etc.)has weakened the geographical proximity effect to a certain extent,which shows the community exploration is somewhat applicable to the division of geo-economic groups.From 1996 to 2006,the network of geo-economic relations formed three major groups in the Americas,Europe,Africa and Asia and the Pacific;from 2002 to 2008,the Asia-Pacific group continued expending to Africa;from 2009-2016,four groups formed and the South African group appeared for the first time in the geo-economic map.(4)The interaction of the network self-organization,the national geopolitical characteristics and the exogenous network environment affects the growth of the geoeconomic relation network.(1)Geo-economic is performed as interdependence and self-organization effect of relations,which helps densify the geo-economic relation network and increase the closeness of geo-economic relations among countries.(2)The multi-dimensional convergence mechanism of geo-attribution guides the country's choice of foreign geo-economic linkages.Countries withsimilar level of infrastructure quality and social,economic and market development tend to be more willing to form geo-economic cooperation with each other.The quality of institutional environment,the quality of infrastructure and the openness of market promotes the external geoeconomic relations among countries.Countries with higher level of economic development,countries with more relative advantages in capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries,and countries with the comparative advantages of labor-intensive industries prefer to export and import at the same time.(3)Historical commonalities(such as colonial and sovereign state relations),humanities exchanges(such as the flow of foreign students),language isomorphism(such as using common language),innovative collaboration(such as thesis cooperation)among countries will boost the formation and development of the bilateral geo-economic cooperation.(5)There is a historical cycle law in the alternation of geo-economic competition and cooperation,and the domination of either the competitive geo-economic relation or the cooperative geo-economic relations determines the important factors of the international social environment.Competitive geo-economic relations mainly exist among the core countries,focusing on the competition in the raw material supply,commodity market monopoly,leading position in science and technology and the strategic energy control,etc.,while cooperative geo-economic relations mainly exist between the core countries and the periphery countries,who cooperate under the internal driving force and the external traction,based on the realization of their common interests and the construction of common systems. |
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