Research On Qinghai Rural Economy During The Republic Of China

Most scholars still focus on the macro research on the historical issues such as political system,ethnic relations,cultural changes and ethnic trade.For rural economy research problems such as relatively weak,achievements of basic didn't pay attention to the historical period of Qinghai economic development special factors such as geography,humanities,space,and neglected the modern institutional change and national economic policies to direct impact of rural economic development in Qinghai,the rural economy,the issue of agriculture,animal husbandry economy,market impact on rural economy many problems such as lack of microcosmic empirical investigation.In addition,most of the research results are attached to the research in other regions or fields.For the economic history of Qinghai province in the Republic of China,it is rather fragmentary and unsystematic.There is a lack of in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the basic characteristics and rules of rural economy.Taking the 1930s and 1940s of the Republic of China as the center,this paper conducted systematic and in-depth micro-empirical research on Qinghai rural economy from the aspects of agricultural problems,rural economy,animal husbandry economy,temple economy,handicraft industry and rural market.In the 1930s and 1940s,under the background of the northwest development of Nanjing national government and the construction of the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War,the rural economy in Qinghai was brought with an opportunity,and the rural economy was quickly restored and developed to a certain extent,and began the slow transformation to modernization.The main performance in the following aspects:First,in the early 1930s,the government of the Republic of China in Nanjing issued policies on northwest development and rear area construction during the Anti-Japanese War.With the continuous improvement of the administrative system,the majority of pastoral areas began to build effective county governance,providing strong policy support and institutional guarantee for the recovery and development of rural economy in Qinghai.Second,the relationship between people and land is easing.In the 1930s and 1940s,Qinghai's population entered the period of fastest growth since modern times,which was a remarkable feature that its population growth was different from that of other provinces in the same period.And the rapid growth of population led to the rapid expansion of arable land,the growth rate of arable land faster than other provinces in the same period.Moreover,the growth rate of population and arable land is normally distributed,and the relationship between people and land is easing.The viewpoint of"the relationship between people and land is tense since modern times" is not suitable for Qinghai at that time.Third,the agricultural economy has recovered and developed rapidly.The rapid increase of population and arable land provides the most basic conditions for the recovery of agricultural economy.In the 1940s,the emergence of new agricultural loans and the establishment of large irrigation projects provided the most favorable technical support for the development of agricultural economy,which also became the main manifestation of agricultural modernization.The agricultural economy has developed rapidly.Farm economy and farmer life also get corresponding improvement under the complement of pasturage economy.It is not consistent with the mainstream academic view that "agricultural economy has been in stagnation since modern times and farmers live in extreme poverty",showing its uniqueness and complexity.The 4th,stockbreeding economy also began to turn period to modernization by traditional extensive management.After the 1930s,under the guidance of the national government,a series of work in animal husbandry management,breeding,animal epidemic prevention and other aspects began,and gradually started the modernization of animal husbandry.Especially in the 1940s,the issuance of animal husbandry loans undoubtedly played a great role in revitalizing the declining Qinghai animal husbandry industry.Fifth,Tibetan Buddhism temple economy is an important part of Qinghai rural economy and plays a leading role in the whole social economy.Especially in the pastoral area with the temple as the center of the establishment of agricultural and pastoral trade center,and on this basis gradually developed into a fixed market and town,to provide a good platform for the economic exchange of the vast pastoral area.In the period when the whole social economy was underdeveloped,the temple economy became the leading force of the social economy,which was another prominent feature that Qinghai was different from other regions.Sixth,the handicraft industry and market trading based on animal husbandry products have become the main characteristics of rural market economy.The economic characteristics of concurrently managing agriculture and animal husbandry,especially the super dependence and strong demand of animal husbandry on agricultural economy and the complementary characteristics of agriculture and animal husbandry economy,have become the most direct driving force for the development of handicraft products and market.In the temple as the center of the formation of the market has become the main place for commodity trading and folk trade pastoral area.In the 1940s,official and private business houses appeared,and the traditional barter exchange was loosened and the degree of monetization was improved.In other words,the diversification of the market became an important symbol of the transformation to modernization.