A Study On Yiology During The Republican Period Of China

This work is a research on Yiology during the Republican period of China.There are three parts:Introduction,Body and Conclusion,explaining from separate angles.Introducation.Transitions in Yiology during the the Republican period was related according to time development.In the early period of,Yiology was a field less investigated because of impact of time,confusions of Kang Youwei and his followers and oppositions from Chen Duxiu and his followers.At this time,Hang Xinzhai rekindled scholars' interests in Yiology through his profound and insightful reseach.Hu Shi launched the campaign of "sorting out the traditional civilization",thus triggering new opinions on traditional classics.Influenced by these scholars,Yiology in the 20s harvested a huge amount of academic achievements and gained enormous development.By the end of the 20s and the beginning of Resistance,which was also called "golden ten years",Yiology reached an academic summit in amount of works,research methods and research level.However,in the 40s,under the impact of war,Yiology attained little progress and yielded little research outcome.Body of the thesis.In this part,Yiology during the the Republican period is examined through paradigm and its logical development is revealed.There are four paradigms:traditional paradigm,interpretation of the new with traditional opinions,re-evaluation according to new interpretation and restoring the ancient to achieve the new.Chapter One is about the traditional paradigm,which focuses on Shen Diemin,Shang Binghe and Xu Ang.They inherited the research method of Qing dynasty,going through Yijing texts while innovating,mainly studying Han Yiology such as Meng,Jiao and Yu.In the first part,Shen Diemin and his research on Meng is discussed.On the basis of Ma Guohan's research.Shen focused on Shuo Wen and related materials.Although there are mistakes and obscure points,he managed to give a wholesome view of Meng's theories.In addition,Shen compared Meng and Yu's Yijing research and gave conclusions.In the second part,Shang Binghe and his research on Jiao Yiology is the main theme.Shang adopted the traditional xiang and shu theory,trying to analyze shang xia gua,hu gua,dui gua,fu gua,da xiang,ban xiang,in order to achieve the match between xiang and text.Shang followed traditional method of observing the xiang to get the meaning of texts,aiming to describe how the book was accomplished.In the third part,a research of Xu Ang's study of Yu Fan and Zhang Huiyan is done.Yu Fan focused on xiao xi,gua bian,pang tong and formed Ji ji,na jia.Zhang Huiyan created the system of xiao xi and tried to connect to Yu's theory while abandoning some.Xu Ang's theory actually is in line with Yu's though in appearance there are discrepancies.What Xu excels in was the arrangment of Yu's theory while he lacked system.The second chapter is about the interpretation of the new with traditional opinions,the representatives of which are Liu Shipei and Hang Xinzhai,who integrated traditional xiang and shu rescources and tried to combine new thoughts on the basis of classical learning.In the first part,Liu Shipei's Yi study is-examined in the aspect of innovation and inheritance.Liu inherited classical knowledge and methods and emphasized Han dynasty xiang and shu theory.On the other hand,Liu introduced difference categories and created new theory of Yiology,which had a great influence on later generations.In the second and third parts,the Yiology of Hang Xinzhai is examined.Hang summarized all traditional research resources on Yi study,covered ancient and modern research results and established a comprehending system,demonstrating the broad xiang and shu theory.Yi Dao is the key of Hang's theory.Yi Jiao is the practical value of it.He had great influence on Yi research from ancient to modern times and became the summit of Yiology in the Republic period,creating a living Yiology and classic.Chapter three is a field study based on re-evaluation of classics,with major characters such as Hu Shi and the School of Doubting Ancient History.They refuted classical research methods and re-evaluate Zhou Yi,initiating a brand new approach in philosophy,history,literature and science,turning into the major trend in academic world.In the first part,philosophical approaches are mentioned.In the beginning of 20th century,studies on Zhouyi were scattered and in lack of insight.Hu Shi made a distinction between gua and yao texts,Yi Zhuan and Yiology in other dynasties while his major focus is on Yi Zhuan philosophy.Taking Hu Shi's theory as basis,Feng Youlan focused on cosmology and ethics.Hu shi's distinction between Zhuan and Jing had become a major trend,however,with the popularity of materialistic dialectics,classic texts was again recognized in Chinese philosophy.The second part mainly focuses on historical research.There was a transition in impact of history on Yiology,from studying Yi from the angle of history to treating Yi as history,which symbolized the transition from traditional research to modern research methods.The School of Doubting Ancient History separated Confucius with Yijing and gave new conclusions to Zhouyi's time of creation.However,despite its great influence,the research methods,concepts and conclusions have many flaws.Wang Zhen,Guo Moruo,Zeng Songyou,Wang Boping,Jing Sanlin,Li Xingke all discussed the cultural background of Zhouyi.Their views conflicted each other and caused great confusion.Hu Puan regarded all gua and yao as historical records and Zhouyi as a historical book,which was deemed as unreasonable.The third part focuses on literary and scientific research.Some scholars gave up ancient comments on Yijing and adopted new materials and methods to interpret Zhouyi.With the development of science,some scholars dismissed texts and previous research and focused only on gua and its link with science.They regarded Zhouyi as a scientific work.This view had great influence in the academic world but was of little value.Chapter four:a return to traditional classic studies.The major characters in this chapter are Xiong Shili and Ma Yifu,who were not content with the current research and reflected on western study.They called for a return of traditional classic studies in order to face the world and the future,providing new interpolations of Yijing.The first part examines Xiong Shili's Yijing theory.There are different phases in Xiong Shili's study.During the period of Xin Wei Shi Lun and Du Jing Shi Yao,Xiong expanded his theory by quoting Zhouyi and in reversed reflected on classical study with his own philosophy.This period is more important compared with his late study.Xiong quoted tai ji,qian yuan,tai yi,bu yi and other concepts to make philosophical intepretation;quoted qian kun,yin yang and other concepts to explain essence of things;quoted sentences in Zhouyi to explain democratic and scientific significance.Xiong Shili commented on Yi research in previous dynasties and his unique way of interpretation is worth noting.The second part is about Ma Yifu's Yijing research.The study on Ma Yifu should be based on his research of Yijing,his Six Yi system and xing li theory.Ma regards Six Yi system as the leading study passed on by ancient saints,the ruling academic knowledge.Since this knowledge was passed on from ancient times,it would not be out of date because it was the outcome of saints self-reflection.Yijing is the source of Six Yi system for it has wise words and instrumental function.Ma Yifu studied the images in Yijing by examining gua and yao in order to expand the meaning to life attitudes and ethics,digging the hidden meaning and philosophy.In addition,Ma also emphasized Yi research theories through different dynasties and tried to interpret Yi by Buddhism.The above are four major paradigms of Yiology during the Republic period.Among the four,there is traditional paradigms that sticks to old times,there is innovative paradigms that tries to fuse the new with the old,there is original paradigms that tries to abandon the tradition and establish a system of its own,and finally there is the paradigm that tries to return to tradition and also give new ideas.Conclusion enriches the understanding of Yiology in the Republic period.In the first part there is an introduction of the overall features of Republic Yiology.Several aspects should be considered,such as xiang and shu,Yi Dao,inheritance of classics and application of academics.All these angles can give a general view of Yiology feature.Besides these characters,there are general points among other research.The second part is a re-evaluation of Zhouyi and its modern significance.Since modern times,Yiology and classics are often questioned by intellectuals who aimed to develop science and by anti-traditionalists who denied the value of Yiology.Scholars tried to dig out new meaning in Yiology and find its unque significance,which laid foundation for development of Yiology.The third part traced the clue of transition in Yijing paradigm.One is the gradual dismissal of Yijing paradigm and establishment of knowledge system.The other is the dispute about the foundation of Yiology being based on western or traditional Chinese learning.