| Although the inherent height is hard to change,our negative cognition of height can be changed.Height is very important for male,whether from the perspective of evolution or from the perspective of social culture.Height is closely related to male's attraction,social status,salary,career achievements and other aspects.A survey of Asian males conducted by Park(2003)and others shows that nearly half of the males are dissatisfied with their height.Height worries caused by short stature are more common in China,Chen(2006)and others' survey of Chinese teenagers' negative physical self shows that teenagers' worries about height shortage are more common than their worries about weight or appearance.Height dissatisfaction is also called negative physical self-short(NPS-S),which is a dimension of negative physical self,including negative perception of one's height(thinking that you are too short),negative emotions(dissatisfaction with height),and related behavioral changes(eg,through Exercise or drugs to increase height).In the past,a large number of studies using different research paradigms constructed structures and models of negative physical self-attention bias based on schema theory,attention component theory.However,Height-related research is rarely involved.At present,there is no systematic study on attention bias of negative physical slef-short,only three studies are found,two of which are carried out by our team.And there have been studies: first,there is no single focus on males;second,the study of attention bias focuses more on the threshold,and no discussion of subthreshold attention processing;third,it focuses more on the visual spatial attention,and no perspective from the time process;fourth,there is no research on the neural mechanism of male negative physical slef-short.The purpose of this study was to investigate the attentional bias of height information among young male who were dissatisfied with height,and to reveal the cognitive and neurological mechanism of attention bias associated with negative physical slef-short.The study is divided into three parts: Study 1 explores the attention bias of negative physical self male toward height information visual space,including three experiments,which are carried out from subliminal processing and suprathreshold processing respectively.Study 2 explores the time course of attention bias,including two experiments.Study 3 used ERP to reveal the brain mechanism of male attention bias to height information.The first study examined the attention bias of negative physical slef-short males to height information based on spatial attention dimension,divided into 3 experiments.Experiment 1 used a point-detection task to investigate spatial attention preferences for short-related words(short for short words)among young males who were dissatisfied with body height.Subjects were divided into negative physical slef-short group(n=35)and control group(n=35)according to their scores on NPSS-S.The results showed that males who were dissatisfied with their height showed attention to the maintenance of short words,but no attention-disengagement difficulties were observed for short-related words.In Experiment 2,the subthreshold point detection task was used to investigate the visual spatial subthreshold attention processing of negative physical slef-short males.The results showed that there were differences in subthreshold attention alert between the negative physical slef-short group(n = 35)and the control group(n = 32).That is to say,the response time of the negative physical slef-short group to the detection point in the short neutral(S-N)trial is shorter than that of the control group,and shorter than that of the neutral neutral(N-N)trial.Experiment 3 explored male's attention bias to unattractive body parts through social comparison situational experiment combined with eye tracking technology.It was found that when viewing attractive body parts,males in the negative physical slef-short group(n=20)showed attention avoidance in these areas,but showed attention on low-attractive body parts.This is consistent with the assimilation effect in social comparative theory,that is,these males tend to choose to view male bodies that are more similar to their own bodies.The study 2 examined the attention bias of negative physical slef-short males to height information based on the time course dimension of attention processing,divided into 2 experiments(Experiment 4 and Experiment 5).In experiment 4,a single task rapid serial visual presentation(RSVP)paradigm was used to study the attention preference of stimulus-driven stimuli to height-related stimuli by using neutral words,tall words and short words T1.The subjects were asked to ignore T1 and identify neutral T2 as accurately as possible.The negative physical slef-short subjects had spontaneous attentional blink effect caused by the height word T1,The results showed that the spontaneous attention blink effect caused by the height words T1 was observed in the negative physical slef-short group,which did not appear in the control group.The purpose of Experiment 5 was to investigate the attention processing of height related words by negative physical slef-short males in the dual task rapid sequence visual presentation paradigm(RSVP).We hypothesized that in the task oriented "top-down" dual task,the negative physical slef-short males had a regulatory effect on the attentional blink induced by height words,that is,the negative physical slef-short males group needed a long time to process height words and occupied more attention resources.The results showed that in the dual task of RSVP,compared with the control group,the negative physical slef-short males had greater attentional blink after recognizing the height word T1.In Study 3,event-related potentials(ERP)were used to reveal the brain basis of attention to height information of negative physical slef-short males.In Experiment 6,the electrophysiological mechanism of negative physical slef-short compared with height information society was studied by using event-related potential technology from the perspective of processing time process.Based on previous studies,we hypothesized that:(1)In the early stage of processing,the subjects would pay attention to the height related stimuli,which showed that the amplitude of ERP component increased in the early stage.(2)in the late processing stage,the subjects will pay attention to the maintenance of short related stimuli.And the down comparison induced a larger ERP component than the upside comparison.The hypothesis of this study has not been proved,that is to say,there is no awareness of short related body information in the early composition.We also found no maintenance of attention in hypothesis 2.However,in the late composition,we found that the height based self reference effect,that is,the average amplitude of LPC of electrode points FCz,FC3,C3,CP3 and Pz caused by self reference conditions was larger than that of others.In addition,the LPC amplitudes of C4,CP4 and P4 caused by self reference conditions were larger than those of others.Correlation analysis showed that negative physical slef-short score was significantly related to the difference between self reference and other reference on PZ electrode.This may reflect the regulatory effect of negative psychcial self on attention resource input in late processing.Based on the previous research and the results of this study,the paper proposes a dual processing model of height information for negative physical slef-short schemers.According to different attention styles,the dual processing model divides attention into stimulus driven attention and goal-directed attention.The above threshold attention maintenance found in experiment 1,the below threshold attention alert found in experiment 2,and the "bottom-up" automatic processing found in experiment 4 are all stimulus driven attention,which is a kind of attention driven by the salient features of stimulus cues,and are automatic,fast,and almost no willpower effort participation.In In experiment 3,attention avoidance to attractive body parts and attention maintenance to low attractive body parts were found;experiment 5 found that the negative psychical self-short had a regulatory effect on the attention blink induced by high words and short words;in experiment 6,attention to height information was regulated by negative psychical self-short in strategy processing stage regulation and control are all goal oriented attention,all belong to goal-directed attention,that is,fine processing based on cognitive tasks and schema rules.The study found that:(1)negative psychical self-short males pay attention to the maintenance of short words presented above the threshold,and pay attention to the vigilance of short words presented below the threshold.(2)The negative psychical self-short has the assimilation effect of social comparison.(3)The attention bias of height words is an automatic processing which takes up more attention resources.(4)In the height social comparison,the negative psychical self schema has a regulatory effect on the late ERP component of height information processing.The main innovations of this study are as follows:(1)The expansion of negative physical self theory.Previous studies focused on the negative physical self schema related to weight.From a new perspective,this study examined the negative physical self schema related to height,strengthened and expanded the theory of negative physical self schema.(2)For the first time,this paper discusses the processing mechanism of attention bias of negative psychcial self-short to height information from the subthreshold level,discusses the early and late stages of processing and different processing levels,and finds that negative psychcial self-short males have subthreshold attention alert to height information.(3)ERP was used for the first time to explore the brain electrophysiological basis of the attention for males with negative psychcial self-short to height information.It was found that the negative psychcial self-short regulated the attention of height information in the late strategy processing stage.(4)This paper proposes a dual processing model of height information for negative psychcial self-short schema males.Future research should reveal the self-reference effect in height social comparison and the mechanism of negative physical self-short occurrence and development,so as to provide reference for further prevention and intervention of negative physical self. |
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