Study On The Appraisal Of Cultural Ecosystem Services Of Urban Park Green Space

Cities in China are now accommodating more and more people as the urbanization process enters a stage of rapid development,and hence the demand for spiritual and cultural goods has been constantly increasing.As the linkage between human and nature,urban park green space has important significance to human beings,because it provides urban residents with an opportunity to enjoy the nature,an important outdoor leisure space,and a bundle of cultural ecosystem services.However,the value of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban park green space has been largely ignored due to its difficulty in valuation,which can be further attributed to its nature of quasi-public goods and intangible spiritual products,the limitation of available data source and so on.Therefore,valuing cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space provides important implications on the improvement of valuation system of cultural ecosystem services and the accounting of ecological capital.The purpose of this dissertation is to establish the valuation system of cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space.Specifically,it includes clarifying the connotation of cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space,constructing the recognition index of cultural ecosystem services and the value evaluation index system,revealing the value formation and influencing mechanism of cultural ecosystem service,and establishing the valuation system.To this end,firstly,the field research and literature methods were used to reveal the formation of cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space.Secondly,an identification model of cultural ecosystem services was constructed to determine the types of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban park green space.Thirdly,a perception evaluation system of cultural ecosystem services with social network data was established to analyze the value formation mechanism from the perspective of resource endowment and supply-demand relationship.The value estimation model for cultural ecosystem service of urban park green space was then constructed.Finally,the valuation methods are applied to three case studies in order to verify the reliability and effectiveness of the model.The main conclusions of this dissertation are as follows:(1)Through field survey and interview,the cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space are found to be mainly reflected by plants,animals,water bodies,topography,landscape aesthetics,historical relics,etc.Different urban park greenspaces provide multiple types of cultural ecosystem services,including aesthetics,recreation,sports,inspiration,scientific research and education,cultural heritage and so on.The cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space are the non-material benefits received by human beings,based on the subjective perceptions of people.Thus,they can be seen as intangible,heterogeneous,subjective,non-consumptive services and measurable goods.(2)Based on the analysis framework of cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space,this dissertation explored the formation mechanism of cultural ecosystem services.The cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space are closely related to the ecosystem structure,process and function.According to the identification index of cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space,it is found that aesthetics and recreation are the most important services,followed by sports and cultural heritage services,and inspiration and scientific research and education services are the least important ones.(3)The value of cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space depends not only on the objective ecosystems,but also on the subjective perception of human beings.The ability of providing cultural ecosystem services is affected by the objective factors such as the area,level,green space coverage,road accessibility of urban park green space,population density and other factors,which results in the establishment of a comprehensive index system and measurement method for the resource endowment of green space.The results of the model show that the resource endowment of the larger comprehensive park and the municipal park is better,and the population density has the minimum impact.On the study of subjective perception,an evaluation system for the perception of cultural ecosystem services was established based on social network data.The results showed that different types of urban park green space differ in the provision of cultural ecosystem services.The larger comprehensive parks mainly provide aesthetic and recreation services,while parks with special themes,such as historical and cultural parks,are mainly providing cultural heritage services.(4)Different cultural ecosystem services have to be appraised by the corresponding valuation models,which are subject to the availability and accuracy of the data sources.The valuation of aesthetic services can be performed by choice experiment method based on questionnaire.When calculating the recreation value by travel cost method,the determination of various parameters affected the final value.The evaluation model of recreational service was constructed considering that the mobile phone signaling data has unique advantages in determining the parameters.A valuation model of sports service was constructed based on the data obtaining from a mobile phone sports software.By using the emergy method,the value of scientific research and education service was derived from the published scientific and technological literature data.Using Delphi method,the value of inspiration and cultural heritage services were evaluated by determining their value proportion.Finally,the total value of cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space is derived by summing up the above mentioned values.(5)The valuation system of cultural ecosystem services of urban park green space was empirically applied to three cases,namely Yunlong lake-Yunlong mountain park,Jinlong lake-Zhushan escarpment park and Pan'an lake wetland park in Xuzhou city,China.In 2018,the value of cultural ecosystem services of Yunlong lake-Yunlong mountain park is 9.2 billion RMB.Among the various services,the recreational value plays a dominant role and accounts for 91.29% of the total value,followed by aesthetics(5.27%),cultural heritage(2.40%)and sports service(0.97%),while the value of inspiration and scientific research and education service accounts for a very small proportion,only 0.05% and 0.02% of the total value,respectively.The Jinlong lake-Zhushan escarpment park only provides aesthetic,recreational and sports services,with a cultural ecosystem service value of 0.11 billion RMB,among which,the value of recreational service accounting for the highest proportion of total value(76.22%),followed by sports(15.61%)and aesthetic value(8.17%).The value of cultural ecosystem services in Pan'an lake wetland park in 2018 is 0.87 billion RMB,and the park mainly carries recreational and aesthetic services,the value of which accounting for 99.32% of the total value.By comparing with the existing results,it is shown that the model established in this dissertation can effectively measure the value of each service type and the total value.The improvement of valuation methods of cultural ecosystem services could accurately estimate the value of urban park green space,which can provide reference for the ecological asset accounting.Besides,it can also help to awake people's awareness of ecological assets and raise the environment protection thought while consuming the cultural ecosystem services.