Study On The Defense System In North Of Chang'an In The Early Tang Dynasty

Because of geographical factors,Chang'an,the capital of Tang Dynasty,was always under the threat of nomads from the north.In order to resist the invaders,the emperors in the early Tang Dynasty continued to operate,and finally established a garrison system in the north of Chang'an.In this paper,the construction process and stage characteristics of the system are discussed.The first chapter is about the military development of northern Chang'an in the early Tang Dynasty,from the first year of Wude(618)to the first year of Hongdao(683).At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty,the area controlled by the Tang Dynasty in the north of Chang'an was only the frontline of Lingzhou,Qingzhou and Yanzhou,and the North belonged to Turks and their affiliated forces.In this case,the first goal of the Tang Dynasty was to open up the northern Xinjiang,and in the fourth year of Zhenguan(630),the Tang army perished the Turks.After that,the emperor adjusted the layout of the Dudu mansion in the north of Chang'an,forming three military lines:the first line of Fengsheng,the second line of Lingxia and the third line of Yuanzhao.The army of Tang Dynasty continued to fight northward and destroyed Xue yantuo,which made all parts of Mobei submit one after another.In the 21st year of Zhenguan(647),Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty established Yanran prefecture to govern the Jimi Prefecture of Mobei.In the Tang Dynasty,Anbian system was established to supervise Jimi Prefecture by dudufu and Dufu in the north of Chang'an.During the Gaozong period,the Anbian system of Jimi Prefecture continued to develop until the Turkic tribal rebellion in the first year of diaolu(679)hit the system.The Tang Dynasty was unable to completely quell the rebellion,which made the northern capital guard lose its original function,and the Anbian system of Jimi Prefecture also failed.The second chapter is the preliminary construction of the northern Stationed defense system,which is marked by the construction of the three cities.The time is from the first year of guangzhai(684)of Empress Wu Zetian to the reign of Emperor Xuanzong(712).Since the first year of gaozongdiao Lu(679),the Turkic rebellion has been increasing,but the Tang Dynasty army is difficult to eradicate the border disease,so the court of Wu Zetian can only seek other methods to solve the problem of Turkic invasion.However,the appeasement policy of the Wu Zhou Dynasty did not work,and the Tang Dynasty could only focus more on the construction of the Shuofang army and the military city.At the beginning of the long live of Empress Wu,Fengan military city was built in the west of Lingzhou in the Tang Dynasty;in the second year of Jinglong(708),Emperor Zhongzong of Tang Dynasty,Zhang Renyuan,the chief manager of Shuofang Road,built three surrender cities in the East,middle and West on the North Bank of the Yellow River.The construction of the three cities blocked the way for Turks to enter the invaders from the south,reversed the passive situation of the Tang Dynasty in the defense of the north of Chang'an,and became the symbol of the preliminary construction of the defense system of the north of Chang'an.There are two obvious characteristics in the preliminary construction of the northern garrison system:first,the northern garrison system mainly relies on the shuofan March and the new shuofan military city,rather than the soldiers of the former northern capital.Second,the construction of the three receiving cities changed the Fengsheng first line of defense system from "keeping in the Yellow River" to"keeping in the Yinshan Mountain",which changed the current situation of the whole north of Chang'an.The third chapter is about the stable construction and characteristics of the stationed defense system in the north of Chang'an,focusing on the setting up of governor of shuofang and the layout of stationed defense.After Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne,he first solved the problem of Turks entering Anxi and northeast Xinjiang of Tang Dynasty.After trying to reconcile with his relatives,Emperor Xuanzong decided to attack Turks in the north and kill them and sip Khan,which changed the Turks' policy towards Tang Dynasty,from invading in the south to becoming ministers of Tang Dynasty.At this point,Xuanzong solved the problem of Turkic invaders that had plagued Tang Dynasty for many years.Later,Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty solved the hidden trouble of northern defense brought by the descending of Hequ:in the eighth year of Kaiyuan(720),Wang Jun,the chief executive of Shuofang Road,killed all the Turks in Hequ;in the tenth year of Kaiyuan(722),Zhang Shuofang,the governor of Shuofang,solved the subsequent rebellion in Liuhuzhou.On the other hand,Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty continued to develop shuofan army,set up shuofan emissary,and expanded the power of the emissary.Finally,he established a stable system of garrison defense in northern Chang'an.During this period,there were three remarkable characteristics of the system:first,the development of the system was always accompanied by the control of the central government of Tang Dynasty over the military power of Shuofang and the selection and control of the governors of Shuofang;second,the system consisted of the army,Land reclamation,Horse administration,Salt administration,and Purchase and purchase,forming an interwoven network;third,the defense focus of the system gradually changed from Feng-Sheng first line and Ling-Xia second line turn to yuan-Fun third line.The fourth chapter is about the disintegration and collapse of the garrison system in the northern part of Chang'an from the outbreak of an Shi Rebellion(755)to the first year of emperor Guangde(763).After the outbreak of the Anshi rebellion,in order to pacify the rebellion,Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty transferred most of the Shuofang troops stationed in the north of Chang'an,making only a small number of troops stationed in the north of Chang'an.Most of these army city soldiers were old and weak,unable to resist the rebellion of Hequ tribe and the encroachment of Tubo to the north of Chang'an in the southwest.The three lines of defense in the north of Chang'an gradually disintegrated.In the first year of emperor Guangde(763),Tubo invaded Chang'an,and the defense system of the north of Chang'an completely collapsed.The fifth chapter is about the position and function of the garrison system in the whole layout of the garrison around Chang'an.The garrison system of the northern part of Chang'an should not only defend against Turks,but also against Tubo.The garrison system of Hedong and Helong formed the layout of garrison around the capital.At the micro level,the third defense line of the north Chang'an Stationed defense system supports the Helong Stationed defense system,which is the second military defense line of the "Helong North Chang'an" Stationed defense system to resist the invasion of Tubo to the capital;the first defense line of the north Chang'an Stationed defense system and the first defense line of the Hedong Stationed defense system are connected to form the first military defense line of the "North Chang'an Hedong" Stationed defense system.On the macro level,the northern garrison system of north of Chang'anstationed successfully blocked the possibility of joint forces between Tubo and Turk and played an irreplaceable role in the overall layout of the garrison around The capital city and its environsThe sixth chapter is about the comparison of the system of garrison in the north of Chang'an with that in the Qin,Western Han,Sui and Tang Dynasties.In addition to the Tang Dynasty,the capital of the Qin,Western Han and Sui Dynasties was also located in the Guanzhong area.The geographical location of the political center was similar,which made these dynasties have the same problems of defending the northern nomads from invading the South and safeguarding the safety of the capital area.These dynasties also built a military defense system.In addition,after the rebellion of an and Shi,the garrison system of the northern part of Chang'an built in the early Tang Dynasty collapsed.Under the pressure of Tubo and other invaders,the emperor of Tang dynasty built a new garrison system of the northwestern part of Chang'an.By comparing the North garrison system of Chang'an with that of Qin,Western Han,Sui and Tang Dynasties,we can find that the north garrison system of Chang'an is similar to and different from these military defense systems.The similarities mainly lie in the construction of military defense lines.In terms of defense engineering and logistics support,the north garrison system of Chang'an in the early Tang Dynasty had its own characteristics.