| Conflicts and disputes are inevitable in the state of anarchy,which has become an important factor affecting the relationship between countries.International crisis involves at least two international actors(sovereignty),two or more than two sovereign countries in the political,economic,military,diplomatic and other aspects of occurred serious conflict,which may endanger the important matters to the diplomatic relations between the two countries normal and even lead to war,and may also cause imbalances affect even large-scale armed conflict on the international system within the existing state of equilibrium.But "crisis" doesn't mean conflict will deteriorate,or the end of the conflict,but a turning point in the conflict which contains the possibilities of a further deterioration or a war,and also implied in the crisis resolution,cooperation and win-win result.The trend of the international crisis depends on the effectiveness of the crisis management.When the relationship between the countries began to be damaged,and even trigger a continuous crisis,the crisis management becomes urgent.The maritime crisis is a sudden state of affairs that occurs in or relates to a particular area of the ocean.The scope of the occurrence includes not only the sea surface space,but also the sea area corresponding to the sea surface space and the ocean area below sea level.It is a complex space.The damage of the maritime crisis has the characteristics of general crisis,will form a threat to the country's major interests,which needs to countries to proper decision making and processing in the limited time of emergency.The management of maritime crisis and crisis management is a major component of the crisis research,and this paper only discusses the maritime crisis management between China and Japan.If the maritime crisis is defined in a broad sense,it covers all the sudden incidents that occur in the sea,including politics,economics,ecological environment,natural disasters and man-made disasters,which threaten the human life.In this article,we will not take the general concept of maritime crisis,but discuss the Sino-Japanese maritime crisis,which involves the disputes of island sovereignty,delimitation of territorial sea,marine resources,belonging to the subsystem of the international crisis.If from this angle to analyze,the Sino-Japanese maritime crisis is rooted in the conflict of sea power,namely bilateral maritime rights and interests dispute.Specifically,the contradiction between China and Japan mainly concentrated in the sovereignty of the Diaoyu Islands,the delimitation of the East China Sea and marine resources.On the delimitation of the East China Sea,that disputes between China and Japan is mainly reflected in the legal basis for the differences"equidistant line" and the principle of natural extension",and the different cognitive of the status of the Okinawa trough in the East China Sea delimitation.According to the influence and the scale of the Sino-Japanese maritime crisis,it can be subdivided into two categories:the sea friction event that has less infuluence,and maritime crisis has seriously damage.The former has gradually become normal events between Sino-Japanese maritime interaction,and has less influence on Sino-Japanese relations.But if processing carelessly,serious maritime crisis events may occur.The frequency of the serious situation of maritime crisis between China and Japan,are relatively not too often.But once occur,it is easily causing serious consequences on bilateral relations.The maritime crisis since 2000 seriously affected the Sino-Japanese relations and the surrounding security situation,including the Diaoyu Islands "nationalization" storm,and the "collision" event.Japan's "purchase" of the Diaoyu Island and in the collision incident directly led to the Sino-Japanese relations deteriorated sharply.The provocative behaviors from Japan,not only easy lead to bilateral maritime crisis,but also creating obstacles for the control of Sino-Japanese maritime crisis,and the construction of maritime crisis management mechanism.A joint management mechanism of maritime crisis between China and Japan has not yet been established.The management on Sino-Japanese maritime crisis at this stage still be restricted in the limited communication on ccean affairs,mainly for the "Sino—Japanese high-level consultations on maritime affairs",due to lack of the guidance and constraint mechanism.The consultation mechanism between China and Japanese Defense Department is a comprehensive coordination and communication mechanism of marine affairs.The two countries reach an agreement that a Sino-Japanese maritime liaison mechanism will be established,and launched the mechanism in April 2008.As of April 5,2016,China and Japan have held a total of four rounds of consultations.However,the effect od such communication is still relatively limited due to the lack of Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management.The lack of mechanism in the maritime crisis management cooperation between China and Japan,also in very limited scale.Lack of mechanism on maritime crisis management cooperation between China and Japan,is also very limited.In the practice of Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management cooperation,is still missing.The cooperation of maritime affairs between China and Japanese at this stage,is mainly reflected in the East China Sea delimitation disputes.Although the contradiction in the maritime disputes and crisis events between the two sides,have been deeply accumulated,put each sudden maritime crisis be in controll within the scope of management,is a rational choice to meet the common interests between China and Japan.If the Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management mechanism could be established,that will help alleviate the contradiction between the two countries,as well as reduce the probability of conflict;It will also be conducive to safeguarding peace and development of China,and creating a good external environment;There will also be conducive to promoting the rational decision-making during the process of crisis management between China and Japan,and The greatest degree to avoid the bad impact of the wrong decisions.Therefore,it is more and more urgent and important in the construction of Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management mechanism.The establishment of Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management mechanism,in addition to practical needs,there are practical basis.Specifically,mainly includes five aspects:(1)The two countries are highly interdependent in economics,and there be common interests in politics,such as the peaceful settlement of maritime disputes,promoting good the development of Sino-Japanese relations,as well as the common demand for peace and stability in East Asia political order.(2)Crisis decision.The China-Japan-the United States triangular structure maintain the relative balance,and there are professional crisis management system within each sides,besides the existence of deterrence,provides the possibility for the rational decision on both sides.(3)Layered national interests.Between China and Japan has a broad base of cooperation and in-depth,when confronting disputes and differences,in relation to the non core national interests between China and Japan can be resolved through consultation,rather than escalate the conflict,even seeking force for the establishment of bilateral consultation,and all these factors will be provide basis for the cooperation and constrction of Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management mechanism.(4)The common wishes.In the four political documents and four point consensus in principle,clear that our two countries are willing to through peaceful cooperation to deal with including maritime crisis,differences and disputes.Above are all provide a realistic possibility for their maritime crisis management cooperation,and also for the Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management mechanism.In the construction of the maritime crisis management mechanism is also facing some difficulties,mainly from three aspects:(1)The difficulity of reconcile conflict interests.The crisis resulted in the conflict of national interests,the Sino-Japanese conflict of interest involving many complex aspects,such as political conflicts,the conflict of economic interests,national security interests conflict,and so on.The sovereignty and national security interests conflict is irreducible,the conflict between the two countries in political interests and the interests of economics,but also need to actively negotiate,can be solved.(2)The existence of irrational national policy-making.This is mainly from two aspects,one is the negative impact from Japan's domestic political rightist.In recent years the aggravation nservatism and political rightist,and the expansion of nationalism pointed at China domestic in Japan,extremely easy to become unfavorable public opinion factors affecting national policy-making.The second is Japan's "expansion" security and defence policy and its negative impact.Japan's "expansion" defense policy brought the "attack",not only increase the military and security threat to Chinese,also easily exacerbate the contradictions inherent in the maritime disputes,and is not conducive to the maritime crisis management and control between the two countries.(3)Conflict of maritime strategy.Japan maritime strategy in new era,with obvious characteristics of expansion and pointed attention to China,are easily triggered maritime friction and unexpected events.China's maritime strategy to "co-ordination",advocated by the peace,cooperation,win-win approach,the maintenance and development of marine interests.There is a inherent contradiction between China's cooperation and win-win way,and Japan's maritime strategy of"expansion" and aggressive.If the coordinate of this contradiction could not be put into realization,it could be a great obstacle during the construction of Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management mechanism.China and Japan both are great power in the East Asian.Peace and stability in the Sino-Japanese relations is not only conducive to the development of both sides of their respective national interests,but also conducive to peace and stability in political and security environment in East Asia.Conflict between China and Japan does not necessarily lead to a cri sis,but the existence of conflict increased the difficulty of cooperation constrained the construction of the Sino-Japan maritime crisis management mechanism.Thus,the construction of the maritime crisis management mechanism should be oriented to overcome obstacles.Facing with conflicts between China and Japan such as conflict of national interest and the maritime strategy,should tend to choose the path of cooperation and coordination,on the one hand to restart bilateral maritime liaison mechanism in politics,promoting strategic mutual trust.On the other hand,strengthen cooperation in economy,in order to advance the political deadlock relief.The problems of the growth of Japan's irrational emotions such as narrow-minded nationalism and conservatism,as well as for China's irrational policy is difficult to be effectively addressed in a short time,and the"comprehensive path" is a better choice at present,such as strengthen non-governmental exchanges and cooperation,and easing the expansion of narrow-minded nationalism on both sides.The common goal of Japan and China is to build a crisis management mechanism could be effectively control and manage the maritime crisis between each other,and the mechanism should be included in the whole process of crisis,or even the crisis has not yet occurred.Consistent with the process of the crisis,the contents of the Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management mechanism should include the four aspects of maritime crisis early warning mechanism,maritime crisis decision-making mechanism,and the maritime crisis control mechanism and maritime crisis rehabilitation mechanism.Maritime Distress stage,mainly related to collect information and intelligence,and to communicate and share these information,intelligence,and to undertake a comprehensive analysis,forecasting,as far as possible to try to make successful warning,and put the crisis to death when the symptom of an incipient crisis but it hasn't really happened.Marine crisis decision-making stage,decision makers as the core and paralleled with the construction of the pre-crisis plan and immediate decision-making mechanism,and it is helpful to control the crisis in a short time.At the stage of the control of the maritime crisis,also need the cooperation of China and Japan,and it is the best choice to control the crisis and prevent the escalation of the crisis before the two sides reach an agreed acknowledge and common measures.Maritime crisis rehabilitation phase,a separate,composed of Japanese and Chinese Inquiry Commission should be constructed,due to investigation,feedback,and summarize the rules at the post-crisis time,providing a reference for the maritime crisis that may occur after.In general,the Sino-Japanese maritime crisis management mechanism is a system guidance for the cooperation during the process of maritime crisis management. |
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