A Special Study On The Social Economy Of Yili, Xinjiang During The Republic Of China (1912-1937)

Lack of the Qing government's financial assistance in the late Qing Dynasty made the Xinjiang government's finance extremely difficult.During the period of the Republic of China,owing to the successive years of tangled warfare among the inland warlords,the central government was unable to attend to the Xinjiang government's needs.Under the circumstances,in order to maintain social stability,the leaders of Xinjiang decided to implement self-isolation policy for stable society or rely on external forces for support.On the basis of historical background,the study attempts to investigate the social economy in Ili during the period of the Republic of China.The dissertation is composed of two parts:The part one includes the first two chapters.From the vertical point of view,it mainly depicted the social and economic status of Ili during the period of the Republic of China(1912-1937),and this period was divided into three stages.From 1912 to 1930,this period was the slow development stage.This stage includeed the entire Yang Zengxin era and the early Jin-Shuren era.Under the obscurantist policy,Ili's social economy failed to achieve its due development.From 1931 to 1933,this period was the full decline stage.This stage was the late period of Jin Shuren's ear.Hami incident was roughly divided for the social and economic development of Ili.After the fall of Jin Shuren ear and in order to seize the supreme sovereignty of Xinjiang,Zhang Peiyuan jointed Ma Zhongying to launch war against Sheng Shicai.As a result,Ili had become the battleground,resulting the social and economic damage.From 1934 to 1937,this period was the rapid recovery and development stage,which was Sheng Shicai's early stage of administration.Under the support of the Soviet Union,the Sheng Shicai administration carried out the six major policies.Ili took it as an opportunity to formulate and implement the first three years plan in 1935.Its social economy had achieved great achievements.The twists and turns of social and economic development in Ili during the period of the Republic of China were closely related to the wisdom of decision makers.Whether economic decision was right or not to rest with the overall situation of economic development.Yang Zengxin,Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai made different historical choices during the social and economic development of Ili in the period of the Republic of China.The part two includes chapter third to chapter eight.This part analyzes the social and economic conditions of Ili during the period of the Republic of China,especially in the early period of the Sheng Shicai administration.The author uses different aspects,such as social and economic policies and measures,social economic construction,social and economic construction,social and economic disputes,social and economic disputes,survival risk and social security,and education funds,to perspectives the social economy of Ili.Social and economic policies and measures are based on the objective social and economic situation,and a series of measures formulated and implemented by the government to solve social and economic problems.One of the biggest problems facing the government at that time was the contradiction between fiscal revenue and expenditure,that was the deficit problem.From the economic policies and measures such as the three year plan,the prohibition of smoking and the resettlement Guihua army,we could see that the government was trying to restore and develop the social economy However,it still could not make up for the imbalance of payments.Under the condition of limited survival resources,it was inevitable for officials to compete for benefits.This article chooses water conservancy construction and prison construction,to examine and understand the problems relates to the modernization of Ili during the period of the Republic of China.Thus,the modernization had become a dilemma:on the one hand,the modernization showed the social and economic development to a new historical node;on the other hand,the modernization construction also needed to invest a lot of manpower and material resources,which resulted in the financial crisis.In particular,the modernization of human beings was far from being completed,thus becoming a barrier to modernization.The modernization of Ili had a great impact on the distribution of ethnic groups and the changes of ethnic relations in modern times.After the reunification of Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty,in order to ensure the supply of food for the garrison,Ili was stationed in the field.The continuous advancement of farm land had gradually changed the economic ecology based on animal husbandry,and formed a situation of the coexistence of many ethnic groups,such as farming,nomadic,commercial and other ethnic groups,and thus laid the pattern of the distribution of the modern Ili ethnic groups.The modernization of Ili also brought about the development characteristics of modern national relations from isolation to contact,and from collision to blending,forming a regional integration from pluralism to integration.Social and economic disputes produces from the daily life of the grass-roots society,which seems to be small but relates to social order and stability.In the traditional modem society,the settlement of disputes was mainly dependent on folk customs and customs,but after the Republic of China,the power of the state strengthened the control of the grass-roots society.The folk customs and customs had gradually weakened in the role of resolving social disputes.Thus,the state power extended further to the grass-roots society.Survival risk and social security are important topics in social and economic research,which are related to social stability and economic development.First,the Sheng Shicai government provided a more generous social security for the military public education personnel,especially in the real difficulties of soaring prices and shortage of goods and materials,so that the life of government employees and teachers had a minimum guarantee,which was of great significance to the normal operation of politics.Secondly,for the vast number of farmers and herdsmen,the government had almost no systematic social security measures,which was usually a temporary policy response.What's more,the better social security for government employees was at the expense of the interests of farmers and herdsmen.Education is an important indicator of social and economic development as well as a foundation for further development of social economy.During the period of the Republic of China,education in Ili changed from religious education to school education,and from ethnic schools to national schools.Cultivating national consciousness with national education played a special role in the integration of frontier areas.At the same time,we should also be alert that education could help to cultivate the ethnic separatism.Finally,it's worthwhile to note that the social and economic situation in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China resulted in the complexity of public identification.All ethnic groups in Xinjiang,which were in the formation and construction period of modern national and state consciousness,had become the hidden dangers of long-term stability in Xinjiang.