| Since late Qing Dynasty,Chinese society was involved into the wave of involuntary modernization dominated by the European countries,and countries started to wither.How the country with problems adapts to modernization transformation gradually becomes one of the core problems of modern society of China.The country building theory and practice of Liang Shuming and Yan Yangchu are the exploration and response to the question that how Chinese society modernizes smoothly and healthily.On the conditions of the historical period,in general,their rural experiments still failed in reality.However,the problems they raised in the specific course of history are inevitable even in the circumstances of today.We have to envisage the unavoidable problems nowadays.According to the basic trend put forward by Marx,the development of society as a whole manifest the gradual shift from a society in which individual is the accessory of some narrow-minded crowd and the prosperity of society into a society in which individual can obtain freedom through their union.Based on the generalized social historical course,and related to inadequate independent social transformation in modern time of China(including the revolution and construction in it),the research scans the country building theory and practice of Liang and Yan and discusses deeply in the value and enlightenment of those two persons'country building theory and practice for revitalize country combine with historical background and social reality.Primarily,the paper makes a systematic comparison between Liang's and Yan's country building theory.Firstly,research shows that their attitudes towards western learning and Confucianism are diffident.Liang Shuming has the criticism attitude towards western culture,while Yan Yangchu has the positive attitude toward western ideas and advocates inheritance.Laing Shuming presumes the thought of "Chinese Body and Western Usage",while Yan Yangchu conversely presumes the thought of "Western Body and Chinese Usage".The differences on theoretical basis and structure of knowledge can be generalized to the "science"of Yan and the "philosophy" of Liang.Those are the essential differences between each of their country building theory.Secondly,Liang and Yan raise two paths in forming social reestablishment and citizen's construction based on the different ideas for Chinese problems.Liang finds the solutions from particularity in China.He emphasizes to wake up the internal force of farmers by carrying forward Confucianism and achieve the goal of rural China transformation to modern society through cultural transform.Yan Yang Chu keeps a foothold of educating to cultivate citizens through civilian education,tries hard to help farmers get rid of poverty and ignorance then to be an integrated man.He prompted the farmers to blend in the wave of modern civilization efficiently thus to promoted the whole China to become a modern country.Secondarily,the research makes a comparative analysis towards the political orientation,social support,mobilizing style,construction content and so on in villages of Zouping and Dingxian where the country building practice are hold.The experiment in Zouping is under the support of local government.It adopts the way of mobilizing the society from top to the bottom and depends on the powerful group such as country leaders or country gentlemen to change country.Dingxian insists on folk transformation in the initial experiment and later change the attitude that hopes to with the help of political power to realize it after reforming to the county politics.It drives the politics and all levels of social renovation through education reform as well as adopts the way that mobilizes the communities from top to the bottom.It rely on the modern intellectual elites to promote experiment of country building.The rural rebuilding patterns are generally summarized as "cultural renaissance----Chinese distinctive character","civilian education----western modernization".Then,by analyzing the reasons why their country building failed,we can conclude that several reasons are responsible for the inevitable failure.From the aspect of revolutionary history,the constructors didn't touch the fundamental interest of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society,so they couldn't solve the problems of land.In the old China which is under the dual oppression of imperialism and feudal forces,it was unrealistic to seek ways to rebuild rural society by improving slowly.Indeed,it is a little unfair to discuss the failures of Laing and Yan's experiment under that special environment.Referring to the general historical process of social modernization and the conditions of wired and abnormal modern Chinese social transition,we can observe from their theories that Liang Shuming has the value concept which objects to industrialization and urbanization to some extent.He attempted to achieve the goal of transition by slightly fixing the traditional social organizations,which is against the general historical trends obviously.Yan Yangchu has the distinctly western value orientation.He wants to heal four types of diseases by four educations to reach the goal of cultivate new citizens.It embodies that he lacks of the full recognition of history.Those are the primary causes lead to their failure although they chosen the different ways.Besides,as a political revolution in social life,the rural construction is not the political construction so it must be fail without the help of government.Liang Shuming tried to remold existing regime and replaced the grass-roots political organization with village schools and country schools,which the government wouldn't permit evidently.Yan Yangchu uses the theory of saving nation by education to promote community-level social transformation.He pays attention to promote new citizens by means of cultivating individuals.However,he ignores the systematic construction so that the transformation only offers service to social remould.Lacking of powerful and responsible government,the experiment destined to fail.Finally,how to rebuild the rural society and develop rural modernization to drive Chinese modernization is the fundamental care for Liang's and Yan's problems.Issue of agriculture is about the transition of rural China actually,it becomes the hardest part of Chinese reform and transition.Therefore,the problems that they put forward are still unavoidable.Plus,their theories and practical explorations have a certain amount of lightning and value to nowadays country revitalization.In establishment and revitalization,on the one hand,farmers' right and their dominant role must be insured.On the other hand,government needs to intensify public service in the country community consistently.It is the process of forming the main country's subjective power and the reformation of the rural as well.By completing the public and community's service,it can enhance the farmers' sense of identity and belonging to their own communities.Besides,it's essential to dig out and take full advantage of traditional Chinese culture especially the local cultural resource like Confucianism to help to rebuild national moral spirit and social economic life.In this way,the cultural self-consciousness can be achieved and it can offer reasonable support to Chinese modernity. |
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