The Integration Of People-oriented Doctrine And The Spirit Of The Rule-of-law

Huang Zo ngxi was the first politic al thinker in ancient China who violently criticized the feudal monarchy and had put forward a comprehensive reform plaa The forming of his political tho ughts pro fited from his pro fo und reflection on the rise and fall of histo ry and the lessons of the Ming Dynasty's subj ugation,as well as his own political practice.The period of late Ming and early Qing Dynasty,in his age,is an important period of historical transition when the so-called"collapse of the earth"and the replacement of dynasties occurred due to the political corruption and the alien invasions.With a strong sense of distress,he sharply criticized the shortcomings of the monarchy and tried to explore and establish a political system with a high degree of humanism and with the spirit of the rule of law.On the base stud y,historical analysis,of existing researc hes,adopting the re search methods of philosophic analysis and comparative analysis,this paper puts huang zongxi back in his historical environment clarifies his internal logical relations on the basis of clarifying the main content of his political thoughts,elucidates the main characteristics of his political thoughts in comparison with other political thinkers,and reveals the theoretical value,theoretical limitations and practical significance of his political thoughts.Huang Zongxi believes that the root of the social and political corrupt practices at that time was that the power of the monarch was not effectively restricted and there was a lack of a democracy that reflected the spirit of the rule of law,ie."the king under the law,,.In his view,there was neither a national government nor a monarch in the early days of human society when people could enjoy natural rights.It was for the reason of protecting their legal rights that people were willing to establish a national government and then elect a monarch,the one should be a"hard person who abandons his own interests" who can protect the public interest.In the autocratic Society of the"three generations afterwardsl" monarchy,the king became the ruler of the people in the world instead,for which Huang Zongxi ponder deeply and criticized the occupation of the public interest by the autocratic monarch.He pointed out that the feudal monarch's dismissal of the prime minister and the attribution of centralization to one is a great destruction of the rationality of the official system.In addition,the feudal monarch also exerted pressure on the intellectuals with the"the appropriate sense between sovereign and minister",which caused them to lose the spirit of political protest of the Confucian tradition and come to distortion of personality.It's the "Waiting for the Dawn:A Plan for the Prince" that can be regarded as the most outstanding work of Huang Zongxi,which is also considered to be the "Declaration of Civil Rights'" in China.In this book,e proposed and elaborated his concept of political reform that embodies the spirit of humanism and the rule of law,including the use of the rule of law to restrict the monarchy,vesting in schools the power to participate in the legislature,reforms on the land and military system as well as promoting education for all population.The ancient constitutional system he built is rated as the most original contribution he made to that era.Although huang zongxi's political thought is regarded as the peak of the people-oriented thought in Chinese history,it is inevitably limited by class and history.His ideal political pattern did not break away from the traditional model of governing the country by relying on the sage,the sage and the scholars.There fore,his conception of political reform is essentially an improvement on the feudal autocratic monarchy.The way he envisaged is to limit the imperial power and expand the intellectual power,which is the overall construction of elite politics.As the spokesman of the middle and small landlord class and the quasi-intellectual class,he did not really endow the common people with the right of supervision and the right of speech in the whole political reform conception.Even though the system of academic officials in counties and counties is most close to the plebeian politics,the subjects who can participate in local politics are still scholars and gentry,and the common plebeian,as the subject of the people-oriented thought,is still not qualified to participate in politics and discussioa Huang zongxi did not realize that the masses were the decisive force in the development of history,and he attributed the rise and fall of the country to the transcendental knowledge and morality of the sages and Kings,which was an overstatement of the consciousness of moral subjects.Therefore,he also had an idealist tendency in his view of history.The political thoughts of Huang Zo ngxi have also had a pro fo und historical influence on later generations.With a profound influence on the representatives of the Constitutional Reform and Modernization(1898)in the late Qing Dynasty,his thoughts have become the driving force for the reformists to promote civil rights and later,it became the ideological weapon of the bo urgeois revolutio nary represented by Sun Yat-sen in democratic revolution.Not only that,Huang Zongxi's political thoughts have a certain reference effect on the construction of democracy,the rule of law,the construction of moral rule,and the creative transformation of Chinese traditional culture.Under the guidance of Marx theory,the reasonable part of Huang Zongxi's political reform plan should be absorbed and made scientific reference,which is attached for great practical significance to the construction of socialist political civilization under the current situation.