| Human capital is the sum of people's knowledge,skills and health.Education,training and medical care are important ways to form and accumulate human capital.Human capital in this paper refers to the human capital formed through education,and human capital investment refers to the family's investment in children's education.The human capital gap between urban and rural youth in China is widening.Promoting the formation of human capital among rural youth and remedying the weak spots in the accumulation of human capital in rural areas are conducive to promoting high-quality economic development,injecting endogenous development impetus into agriculture,rural areas and farmers,narrowing the urban-rural income gap,and improving social mobility.Both public education input and family education input are conducive to the formation and accumulation of human capital.In recent years,China has vigorously promoted the integrated development between urban and rural compulsory education,and the gap between urban and rural public education has been gradually narrowed.However,the gap of urban and rural family education investment has not been narrowed,but is expanding.According to the 2018 national education congress,"families,schools,the government and society all have the responsibility to run education well.Family is the first school of life,parents are the children's first teacher,parents should teach children well in the first lesson of life,and should help buckle the first button of life.Therefore,while strengthening the investment in rural public education,we should also pay attention to guiding rural families to increase educational investment.This paper tended to use PSM modle,PSM-DID model,structural equation model,sobel intermediary effect test model,tobit model and binary choice model,discusses reference object reconstruction path and education value cognitive ascension path to the guide rural households increase human capital investment(including material human capital investment of human capital investment and non-material).The reference object is the reference,imitation and standard object of family investment in human capital.Teachers,other parents,and their children's classmates may all be a reference object for family investment in human capital.According to Coleman's theory of social capital,a social network is formed between teachers,parents and students.In this network,parents can communicate directly and indirectly with other parents,their children's classmates and teachers.The communication with other parents helps parents to grasp more information about human capital investment,so other parents may become the reference and imitation object of family human capital investment.The communication with their children's classmates is helpful for parents to grasp the investment information of other parents and the school performance of their children's classmates.The communication with teachers helps parents to master their children's school performance,so teachers may become the reference object of family human capital investment.The motivation for families to adjust their investment in human capital according to the reference objects may be to strive for better academic performance,to correct their own behaviors and choices when there is uncertainty,or because of teachers' expectations and requirements on students.The education value cognition of refers to the quantity of utility that an individual expects to obtain from education,and the family's investment in children's human capital increases with the improvement of their cognition of educational value.Firstly,taking reading in urban and home-school cooperation as examples,this paper discusses the impact of reference object reconstruction on rural family human capital investment,and further analyzes the impact of both on rural youth human capital accumulation.Reading in urban helps rural families to get to know new teachers,parents and students,and home-school cooperation represented by parent-teacher meeting helps rural families to strengthen the contact and communication with teachers,other parents and students,so as to reconstruct the reference object of human capital investment.The results show that the reading in urban increases more attention of reference family on education,the expectation and requirement of teachers to students,and the average investment of human capital of reference family.The home-school cooperation represented by the parents-teacher meeting is beneficial for parents to know more about other parents and their children's classmates,and improves the frequency of communication between parents and teachers.Therefore,the change of school site and home-school cooperation reconstructed the reference object of rural families' human capital investment,thus improved the material and non-material human capital investment of rural families,and finally promoted the accumulation of rural youth's human capital.Secondly,tacking transportation infrastructure and the Internet as an example to explore the effect of education value cognition ascension path on human capital investment of rural households,and further discusses the influence on the rural youth human capital accumulation,benefited from the rich data from CFPS,the mechanism test part also analyzes how traffic infrastructure and Internet effect on youth learning attitude.Transportation infrastructure and the Internet can help narrow the distance between urban and rural areas,and provide convenient conditions for urban and rural exchanges,which can help expand the scope of urban culture transmission and enhance the accessibility of modern ideas.The wide spread of urban culture helps to shock the original concept system of rural families,make them more identify with the value of education,so as to improve the willingness to invest in children's human capital.The results show that the transportation infrastructure represented by roads and buses and the Internet,can improve the educational expectation of rural families for their children,as well as their care,willingness and sense of responsibility for their children's education.Then encourage rural families to improve the material and immaterial human capital investment;This not only directly affects children's academic performance,but also is conducive to correct the learning attitude of rural teenagers;Finally,it is beneficial to promote the formation and accumulation of rural youth's human capital.Finally,the paper discusses the influence of the comprehensive approach which influences both the reference object and the education value cognition on the human capital investment of rural families and the accumulation of rural youth's human capital by taking the following two examples:school with migrating parent(SMP)and the new urbanization.On the one hand,SMP means that parents come to work in cities,which is beneficial for rural residents to get in touch with and integrate into urban culture,so as to improve the education value cognition.On the other hand,it means that children are educated in cities and towns,which is similar to reading in urban and helps to reconstruct the reference object for investment in human capital.China's new urbanization adheres to the people-oriented development orientation,and one of the important goals is to promote the citizenization of rural floating population,which is conducive to improving the cognition of the educational value of rural residents.At the same time,the integrated development of urban and rural areas is an important principle of new urbanization construction,and local urbanization is an important way of new urbanization.In this process,a large number of rural children enter cities and towns for education,which is conducive to the reconstruction of human capital investment reference object.The results show that with SPM,the proportion of urban families in the reference family is increased,the average level of human capital investment and the emphasis on education of reference family are increased,and the expectation and requirements of teachers on students are increased.The new urbanization increases the probability of rural students entering cities and towns to receive education,the frequency of rural families attending parent-teacher meeting and contacting teachers,and helps to improve the educational expectations of rural families for their children,the degree of care for their children's education,the willingness to pay and the sense of responsibility.Therefore,SPM and new urbanization can help to reconstruct the reference objects of rural families'human capital investment and their cognition of educational value.This improves the rural families' investment in children's material and non-material human capital;Finally,it is beneficial to promote the accumulation of rural youth's human capital.As for how to promote the accumulation of rural youth's human capital,the existing research often emphasizes the increase of public education investment in rural areas,while this research focuses on the role of family investment in human capital on the accumulation of young people's human capital.Through the discussion of the two major paths and six sub-paths,this study is helpful to provide the government and schools with operable policy tools and countermeasures,and to enhance the family's emphasis on non-material human capital investment.At the same time,family support and cooperation is an important guarantee to improve school education effect,and this study is also helpful to improve the efficiency of public education investment. |
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