A Study On The Impact Of Informal Employment On Residents' Social Assimilation And Its Transmission Effect

Since 1980s,Chinese economic system and social structure has undergone tremendous changes.With the development of market economy,a large number of migrant workers moved to the city.The transfer of migrant workers made important contributions to the development of China City,promoting the rapid development of economy.However,a large number of migrant workers in the city engaged in informal employment.Compared with formal employment,informal employment groups face more problems such as far away from home,long working time,poor working environment,low income and lack of social security.These problems seriously hindered their physical and mental health,and hindered their social assimilation.The National New Urbanization Plan(2014-2020)clearly points out,"in the rapid development of urbanization,it is difficult for a large number of agricultural migrants to integrate into the society under the influence of the urban-rural household registration system,and the process of urbanization lags behind.It is necessary to establish and improve the mechanism for promoting the urbanization of the agricultural transfer population,to improve the social participation mechanism of the agricultural transfer population,and to promote the integration of migrant workers into enterprises,children into schools,families into the community,and groups into society."Implementation of the nineteen Party Congress put forward the new requirement for the modernization of economic development concept,establish and perfect the system of the development of institutional mechanisms and policy system of urban and rural integration.The informal employment has hindered the social assimilation of residents,which is not conducive to the ultimate realization of social integration.Therefore,in the background of Chinese economic transformation,it is of great practical significance to systematically study informal employment how to influence the social assimilation of the residents.It will provide empirical support for the normalization of China's labor market.At the same time,the improvement of labor market is conducive to find regular jobs for the laborers engaged in informal employment,is conducive to enhancing social cohesion,and is conducive to the realization China dream,which is the fundamental starting point and foothold of this study.Based on the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey(CLDS,2016)and China General Social Survey(CGSS,2006-2015),this paper systematically studies the impact of informal employment on the social assimilation of residents and its transmission effect,including two components.Firstly constructing a "Degree of residents' social assimilation evaluation criteria system",then applying OLS and quantile regression methods separately to make empirical analysis of how informal employment influence residents' social assimilation.Secondly,this paper analyzes the transmission effect of the influence of informal employment on social assimilation from three aspects:wage level,health status and subjective cognition(subjective fair cognition and subjective well-being cognition).The above contents constitute the five core sections of this paper.Respectively:The third chapter is the construction of the evaluation index system of social assimilation degree,the fourth chapter is the empirical analysis of the impact of informal employment on thesocial assimilation,the fifth chapter is the wage effect analysis of informal employment.the sixth chapter is the health effect analysis of informal employment,and the seventh chapter is the cognitive effect analysis of informal employment.The main contents and conclusions of the chapters above are as follows:The third chapter is the construction of the evaluation index system of social assimilation degree.Based on the CLDS(2016)and the principle of combining subjective and objective factors,this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the degree of social assimilation of residents,which includes 8 first-level indicators and involves 20 index levels.The evaluation index system shows that there are eight first-level indicators affecting the social assimilation of residents,of which the most influential is employment status,with a weight of 0.150.This indicates that the impact of employment status on the social assimilation of residents can not be underestimated,if the quality of employment is relatively poor,it will obviously reduce the degree of social assimilation of residents.The fourth chapter is the empirical analysis of the impact of informal employment on the social assimilation.Based on CLDS(2016),OLS regression and quantile regression are used to analyze the impact of informal employment on social assimilation.Regression results show that:informal employment has obvious negative impacts on residents' social assimilation in the statistical sense.Besides,informal employment's impacts on residents'social assimilation appear U-type characteristics.Sub-sample regression results show that:In all quantiles of residents' social assimilation degrees,losses of informal employments'impact on residents' social assimilation is larger for females than males.The results of regional sample regression showed that the influence of informal employment on the social assimilation of residents in the eastern,central and western regions also had heterogeneity effects.The fifth chapter is the wage effect analysis of informal employment.Based on the CGSS(2006-2015)using the quantile regression method to estimate and decompose the wage differentials of formal employment and informal employment.The results show that wages of informal employment are significantly lower than those in formal employment.Compared with formal employment,the returns to education of formal employment is higher than that of informal employment,and the gender discrimination of informal employment is more serious and becomes more and more serious with wage quantile from low to high.Quantile decomposition shows that on the low quantiles the wage differential between formal employment and informal employment is high while on high quantiles the wage differential is low.The wage differential is in line with the "sticky floor effect",rather than "ceiling effect".On the high level of wage percentile,the characteristic difference interpretation ability is stronger,and the coefficient difference explanation ability is weak.At the same time,in typical quantiles,the wage difference between formal employment and the informal employment is high while the wage difference between formal employment and self-employed is relatively small.The sixth chapter is the health effect analysis of informal employment.Based on the CLDS(2016),using the ordered Probit regression method to estimate the effects of informal employment on residents' health.The study found that the impact of informal employment on health status was significantly negative.The influence of informal employment on health status has heterogeneity effect.It can cause a big health loss to female staff,workers in the outdoors.The influence of informal employment on the health status of residents in the eastern region and the central and western regions is also significantly negative,and the damage to health caused by informal employment from the east to the west is gradually increasing.With BMI index and somatic pain as the proxy of health,informal employment significantly increased the probability of excessive obesity or excessive thin of residents,and also significantly increased the probability of physical pain.For the work injury variable as a proxy indicator of health,informal employment will increase the probability of industrial injury,but this result is not statistically significant.The seventh chapter is the cognitive effect analysis of informal employment.In this chapter,based on the CGSS(2013),taking subjective fair cognition and subjective well-being cognition as proxy variables of subjective cognition,the cognitive effects of informal employment are investigated.When the subjective fairness cognition is used as the proxy variable,research has found that informal employment is the important factor influencing residents' subjective fairness cognition.If residents engaged in informal employment,their subjective fairness cognition will be significantly reduced.Informal employment losses men' subjective fairness cognition more than women and losses urban social residents' subjective fairness cognition more than rural residents.transmission effect shows that informal employment losses residents' subjective fairness cognition by reducing residents' rights fairness cognition,opportunity fairness cognition and regulation fairness cognition.When the subjective well-being cognition is used as the proxy variable,research has found that informal employment is the important factor influencing the residents'subjective well-being,if residents are engaged in informal employment,so their subjective well-being will be significantly reduced.Informal employment job market has more serious gender discrimination which significantly reduces the women's subjective well-being.Both the east and the central and western regions,the rate of inflation rising reduces the residents' subjective well-being significantly.In addition,the variable of education has an positive impact on women and the Midwest residents subjective well-being,which shows that the increase of education year of women and the Midwest residents is one of the important ways to improve their subjective well-being.This paper attempts to provide an empirical basis for the service and management of informal employment from the perspective of sociology,and can objectively evaluate the social assimilation status of informal employment groups.The evaluation index system of the degree of social assimilation of residents,which includes subjective and objective indicators,is constructed by using CLDS(2016).It explains the reasons why informal employment reduces the social assimilation of residents from the aspects of wage level,health status and subjective cognition,and expands the research angle of informal employment,and obtains more research conclusions which accord with national conditions.To a certain extent,it makes up for the gaps in the related research,and the research results have certain reference significance for the cross field of economics and sociology.At the same time,this paper also has some shortcomings in data,methods and content.Firstly,in the construction of the evaluation index system,some variables,such as character variables,are not included because of the availability.Secondly,this paper analyzes the transmission effect from the perspectives of wage level,health status,subjective cognition.However,the evaluation index system includes some other factors.Thirdly,since some of the variables were not continuously tracked in the questionnaire,most sections use cross-sectional data,the effect of time changes on the regression results needs to be further verified.Therefore,in the future,I will further deepen my research on this basis,explore in greater detail the transmission effect of the impact of informal employment on the social assimilation of residents,and at the same time introduce mixed cross-section data to expand the sample size.Try to get more meaningful research conclusions in accordance with the national conditions.