A Study On The Changes Of Initial Teacher Education Policy In Britain After The Second World War

After World War II,it has been an important period for the rapid development of Initial teacher education in Britain.After the baptism of the two world wars in the first half of the 20 th century,the colonial system previously established to support the British Empire began to disintegrate,and British Initial teacher education also began to transform under various social pressures.Through the promotion of relevant policies,the British Initial teacher education has experienced four stages of development: emphasizing scale expansion,highlighting quality and ability,focusing on standards and professions,and pursuing excellence.It has achieved remarkable results in training goals,models,standards and supervision and management.At the same time,post-war British unique two-party ruling mode,as well as conflicts of interest among stakeholders such as political parties,government,Initial teacher education institutions,etc.,also led to changes in Initial teacher education policies that manifested political and interest attributes.From the perspective of stakeholder theory,studying the game between different stakeholders promotes the change of British Initial teacher education policy.On the one hand,it can enrich the research on the history of British teacher education,on the other hand,it also broadens the British Initial teacher.The research vision of education policy has certain reference significance for the reform of Initial teacher education in China.On the basis of fully occupying historical materials,this research analyzes the texts of British Initial teacher education policies in different historical periods based on the theoretical perspective of stakeholders and the horizontal analysis framework of public policy science,and explores the phased issues and impact policies.At the same time,by combing the trajectory of policy change and summarizing its characteristics,it analyzes the game of interests that led to policy change,and then summarizes the characteristics of British Initial teacher education policy change,and proposes enlightenment to China.First,the post-war British Initial teacher education policy has gone through the following four stages.During the period of "consensus politics" from World War II to 1979,the theme of British Initial teacher Education policy was to emphasize quantity expansion.The British government has expanded the scale of Initial teacher education and raised the academic status of Initial teacher education by issuing the Mcnair report,the Robbins Report report and the James Report,the training path of integration of pre-service,induction and in-service education is established.The Conservative Party came to power in the 1970 s,and under the influence of the Thatcherism ideology and the teacher Professionalization Movement,the British government expanded the practical approach to teacher training by promulgating various policies,the development of competency-based curriculum standards for Initial teacher education,the establishment of a number of Initial teacher education inspection agencies,and then established the quality and competence of the Initial teacher education policy theme.At the same time,the central government gradually strengthened the control of Initial teacher education and encouraged market-oriented competition among Initial teacher education institutions.After new Labour came to power in 1997,Britain,at the turn of the century,was committed to improving basic education standards and quality under the guidance of the Third Way.To this end,the new Labour government has established a standard and professional Initial teacher education policy theme by constantly improving the standards for qualified teachers and expanding the access channels for qualified teachers.After 2010,the coalition government set the direction for the development of "excellent teachers",through the "training the next generation of outstanding teachers" White Paper,"2012 teacher standards" and "excellent teacher standards" issued to achieve the training objectives and standards of excellence.The second chapter examines Initial teacher education policies that emphasize quality and competence during the Conservative government(1979-1997).Influenced by Thatcher's ideology and the professional movement of teachers,the British government has promulgated a number of policies to broaden the practice-oriented teacher training channels and develop competency-based Initial teacher education curriculum standards.At the same time,the government has gradually strengthened central control over Initial teacher education and encouraged market-based competition among Initial teacher education producers.The conflict of interests between the neo-rightist ideology and teachers' ideology during this period,the interest game between the central and local governments,and the interest game between universities and elementary and middle schools led the policy theme to change from expanding the scale to highlighting quality and competence.Second,from 1944 to 2015,the content of UK Initial teacher education policy shifted from theoretical and quantitative to practical and competency-based;from Teacher Education Autonomy to central accountability;from competency-based to standards-based;From standards-based to excellence.The stakeholders that have led to the above changes in policy include those in charge of Initial teacher Education: The Government;those vying for the right to Initial teacher training: Institutions of Higher Education,primary and secondary schools;and those who defend their own interests: teachers.In addition,the interests game among different ruling parties,teachers and the central government,as well as the institutions of higher education and primary and secondary schools directly led to the changes of Initial teacher education policy in Britain after the war.The fourth chapter discusses Initial teacher education policy in pursuit of excellence during the coalition government(2010-2015).The coalition government has established the development direction of cultivating "excellent teachers",and has achieved the excellence of the training goals and standards through the promulgation of the White Paper "Cultivating the Next Generation of Excellent Teachers",the "2012 Teacher Standards" and the "Excellent Teacher Standards".However,conflicts of interest and games between ruling parties and teacher educators still exist.Thirdly,it is not difficult to find out the conflict of interest and the game in the process of the post-war British Initial teacher education policy changes,the way to realize the maximization of the overall interests of Initial teacher education is to construct a pluralistic and balanced development pattern in the field of Initial teacher education.First of all,we should advocate the diversification of the participants of Initial teacher education,including the government,intermediary agencies,Initial teacher education institutions and primary and secondary schools.Secondly,we should pursue the diversification of Initial teacher education,and continuously develop the teacher education model for different students and multi-institutions.Finally,the implementation of Initial teacher education diversity of student selection.