| Since the third population census in 1982,the data of the National Bureau of statistics shows that the floating population has been increasing.In 1982,the floating population was about 11.54 million,which increased to 37.5 million in 1990,121 million in 2000,221 million in 2010,and 253 million in 2014.In 2017,the floating population was 244 million which began to decline slowly.The related population forecast further shows that the floating population scale will be stable at 220-230 million,and will drop to 150-160 million people by 2030,and the agricultural transfer population will be 110-120 million.Although the scale of floating population has declined,it has already become an important source of labor force in the economic development of various regions.In the face of the fact that the natural growth rate has been hovering in the downturn for a long time,the supply of age-appropriate labor force has been declining,and the aging has been deepening,various regions have successively issued policies to attract floating population,in order to achieve the purpose of supplementing labor force.However,the premise for the floating population to stabilize the regional economy is to obtain the corresponding employment income.In the face of the relative lack of material capital and social capital,the effective development of education human capital has become the most important way to improve the employment income for the floating population.Therefore,based on human capital theory,screening theory and labor market segmentation theory,combined with econometric model,this paper focuses on the impact of education human capital on the employment income of the floating population,and further explains its role in the income gap.According to the dynamic monitoring data of the floating population in China,from the perspective of educational human capital,the average number of years of education for the floating population is increasing from 2011 to 2015.The distribution of floating population groups of different educational human capital shows an olivepattern of "less two poles,more in the middle".The average education years of floating population have household registration differences and gender differences.The average education years of non-agricultural household registration personnel are larger than that of agricultural household registration personnel,and men are larger than women.If considering the household registration factors and gender factors,the average education human capital is ranked as non-agricultural men > non-agricultural women > Agricultural men > Agricultural women.From the perspective of employment income,the employment income of the floating population at different levels of education human capital has an obvious "inverted U" trend.The monthly income of the floating population with higher education human capital fluctuates sharply at a high level,and the monthly income of the floating population with lower education human capital fluctuates steadily at a low level.If the household registration and gender factors are taken into account,the average monthly income is ranked as non-agricultural men > non-agricultural women > Agricultural men >Agricultural women.The ranking results are completely consistent with the ranking results of education human capital.In addition,the age-income curve of the floating population shows that the age-income curve of the female floating population with the same degree of education is more flat than that of the male floating population.The floating population with bachelor degree or above has the longest period of income rise,the floating population with high school degree or below has the shortest period of income rise,and the average monthly income has a significant "ceiling effect".Combined with the results of the econometric model,this paper analyzes the return to education of the floating population.Among the existing observable individual factors,the education human capital plays the most important role in determining the individual employment income of the floating population,but the education return rate is only 4-5%.If based on the National Urban residents data,the education return rate of the floating population is just equivalent to the the level of return to education of town residents in the late 1980 s and early 1990 s.In the 30 years since the 1990 s,the return to education of rural migrant workers(rural-urban floating population)has always been at this low level.The return rate of education in different education stages has obvious household registration differences.Only receiving higher education above junior college is conducive to the income growth of urban floating population,while for rural floating population,only receiving educationwhatever high or low is conducive to the income growth.In higher education,this paper empirically supports the hypothesis that human capital theory and screening theory work together,that is,the productive function and screening function of education have a significant positive impact on employment income,and there is no gender difference in this impact,but there are household registration differences.Higher education contributes to overcoming gender discrimination,but it can not smooth the employment income inequality caused by the dual structure of urban and rural areas caused by household registration.In the effect of education on the income gap,although education has a positive return on different income groups,the return to education of different income groups shows obvious differentiation characteristics,that is,there are income stratification differences in the return to education.After the correction of ability bias,the return to education shows Matthew effect,and education will continue to expand the overall income gap of the floating population.In the heterogeneity analysis,the income stratification of the education return rate of the urban floating population shows periodic changes.The effect of education on the high-income group of the urban floating population is greater than that of the low-income group.In the rural floating population,the opposite result is shown.The return to education on the low-income group is higher.Excluding the highest income group,education can narrow the internal income gap of the rural floating population.After the regional endowment factors are included in the analysis framework,the research shows that when there is an income gap between regions,the individual income gap between regions cannot be reduced in short time.In the process of personal income formation,apart from the influence of regional initial average income,there are two main effects of income components on income gap,namely,endowment effect and price effect.Even with the same endowment,because the price effect of production factors in different regions is different,individual income is also different.In this paper,in the process of adjusting the average income and the rate of return on education,the GDP and the industrial relevance play a significant positive role,indicating that the more developed regions can significantly improve the factor price effect of education.Labor force can always improve their employment income and education return rate by flowing into cities with better economic development,and further expand the income gap with the individual in the original city.Finally,this paper puts forward the following four suggestions: first,increase the financial investment in education,improve the per capita education years in rural areas,and improve the overall quality of the floating population.Second,apply internet platform to balance the allocation of city and rural education resources,and help rural education go out of the marginalization.Third,with the opportunity of supply side structural reform,we should narrow the regional economic development gap and the income gap between urban and rural areas,as well as the individual income gap.Fourth,promote the coordinated development of regional industrial upgrading and transformation,promote the optimization of economic structure,and enhance the value of human capital. |
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