| Since the reform and opening up,the social forms and economic systems have been changed,and the structure of social strata has also changed.Even today,although the economic system has basically been established,The economic transformation is not over yet,In order to improve economic development,China still needs to remove some institutional obstacles;For social development,compared with the development of China's social structure in 1978,Great progress has also been received,but the speed of social system reform was very slow.It has not kept up with the pace of economic development.For unbalanced social resources,it also needs continuous in-depth reforms to remove the barriers which is not conducive to economic growth,such as the household registration systems,social structures,and other social issues.From the perspective of the social strata's structure,the income disparity between the stratum groups at both ends of the social stratification structure shows a tendency of continuous expansion.At the same time,the middle class is relatively small and does not occupy the main position in the social structure,and if a country do not have middle class to support,the society will cause many social problems,such as the insufficient social innovation capacity and the wastage of human resources.The "hollow" society is also not conducive to economic development,making the country's international competitiveness declining and the economy weak.When at low levels of consumption and excess production capacity,the small scale of middle class cannot stimulate economic growth by stimulating consumption.It is difficult to balance supply and demand,and the economic growth rate will declining.In the period of deepening reform,if we want to realize the goal of common prosperity for all Chinese,we must accelerate the pace of social transformation to match social development with the speed of economic development.The expansion of the middle class and the formation of an "olive" society are very important for whether we accomplish this goal.The reasons of expanding the middle class path from the perspective of intergenerational mobility are as follows:First,it comes from the logical relationship between social mobility and intergenerational mobility.Social mobility includes intra-generational mobility and intergenerational mobility.Intergenerational mobility mainly reflects the strength of social mobility from a dynamic perspective.Compared with intra-generational mobility,intergenerational mobility can more effectively reflect the openness of social structure;The middle class is an important part of the social class.Given that the middle class has a major impact on society and economy,it is necessary to study the middle class problem in the social class from the perspective of intergenerational mobility.Second,it stems from the reasons of social class solidification.The social class of an individual is mainly affected by two aspects:one is the primordial factors,such as family background,interpersonal relations and power elements,and the second is the post-generational factors,such as the individual's later efforts.Since the economic transformation,the preemptive factors gradually took a dominant position in the social stratification and became a key factor in the upward mobility of the social stratum.At the same time,because the influence of "personalized transactions","relationships net" play an important role in the labor market and commodity markets,the elites gain social status mainly through intergenerational inheritance,and the influence of post-generational to obtain income,rights and social prestige have become weakened,and it was difficult for a social class that was in a disadvantaged state to move upward.Throughout the transition period,social capital inequalities among generations have had the most significant impact on social class mobility.The intergenerational resources of the " second generation of rich people" and " second generation of official people" are superior to those of the middle and bottom groups.In addition,the collusion between officials and businessmen,public rights rent-seeking and so on,have wovened a dense network of relationships.This intensified intergenerational inequality.The people at the bottom of the society do not have the help of preconceived factors such as family background,interpersonal relationships,and power capital.They rely solely on their personal talents and their efforts to reach the middle class and above is very difficult.Therefore,it is very necessary to clarify the impact of intergenerational mobility on the path of expand the middle class.This paper explains the problems of the middle class from the perspective of institutional economics,and provides institutional advice for the expansion of the middle class.From the perspective of intergenerational mobility,it is easier to understand"personalized transactions" and "limited Access to order".This article can be divided into eight parts:The introduction mainly includes the research background and questions,the theoretical and practical significance of the research,and the related literature review.When combing domestic and foreign research trends,after defining the concept of the middle class,sort out the relationship between social mobility and social stratification,and the relationship between social mobility and intergenerational mobility;This chapter also includes the paper's research ideas and framework,the main research tools and methods,possible innovations.Chapter ?:The reasons of why we expand the middle class.This chapter discusses the social and political functions and economic functions of the middle class and the problems in the development of the middle class.Chapter ?:Institutions,Institutional Changes,and Social Strata.This chapter is the theoretical analysis basis for the expansion of the middle class.It is also the keystone throughout the text,mainly including the new institutional economics theory,social stratification theory,and social mobility theory.Chapter ?:This chapter analyzes the path of the middle class,mainly from the perspectives of intergenerational income and intergenerational occupation,to measure its influence on the social stratum of the offspring,and thus proposes two paths to expand the middle class,intergenerational career mobility,and intergenerational occupational mobility.Income liquidity.AMOS software was used to measure the transmission path of social strata.The empirical results showed that:(1)For factors of posteriority,the education,income and the type of work unit of offspring had positive effects on their social stratum.Although the perception of life pressure of offspring does not directly affect social stratum,it can influence Its income has an impact on its social class.(2)In terms of ancestral factors,whether the father is a middle class will directly affect the position of the offspring in the social stratum.The variables such as the income of the parents and the level of education of the parents both have indirect influence on thesocial clas of the offspring,they will affect the individual characteristics of the offspring and then influence children's social class.Chapter ?:The first pathway:Analysis of Intergenerational Occupational Mobility of the Middle Class.This chapter mainly uses STATA software to measure the intergenerational mobility index and intergenerational Inheritance Index of middle-class between parents and children.The mlogit model is used to measure and contrast the influence of each factor on the middle class and overall social classes.On the basis of the new institutional economics analysis,the reasons for the occupational solidification of middle-class generations are analyzed.The empirical results show that:(1)The intergenerational occupation inheritance index of middle-class children is greater than the intergenerational occupation mobility index,and the labor market has a phenomenon of"sub-institutional fatherhood." The intergenerational inflow index and the intergenerational outflow index of the middle class occupation are both less than 1 or equal to 1,reflecting the low degree of openness to members of other social strata and have vertical mobility barriers among the occupational classes.(2)The children's occupation is deeply influenced by their parents' occupations.Compared with the society as a whole,the children of the middle class are faced with the dilemma of higher risk of downward mobility and smaller upward mobility.(3)There is a dual-divided labor market,and the openness of rural labor markets is even lower.Compared with urban areas,rural children are also faced with the dilemma of difficulty of upward mobility and easier downward mobility.(4)For the entire social classes,there are still have working unit barriers.Influenced by the limited access order system and the "personalized trading" labor market environment,it is difficult for"outsiders" to enter the "intra-circle",and people in the "circle" will use the method of intergenerational occupational inheritance to bring their existing economy into existence.The status of income,rights,social prestige etc.is transmitted to children.(5)The level of education of Chinese residents is currently less than the period of "knowledge of unemployment,physical upside down".The higher the level of education is,the contribution to the inhibitory effect of intergenerational downward mobility and the promotion of intergenerational upward mobility is greater.It is necessary to vigorously develop education.This will not only expand the scale of the middle class but also benefit the entire social class.(6)In the labor market,there has gender differences in status access and in the status structure.Women face higher risks of downward mobility.Chapter ?:The second Path:The analysis of the mobility of middle-income generation intergenerational income.This chapter mainly adopts linear regression model and semi-parametric regression model.Using STATA software and R software,it also considers the influence of parental income on the income of offspring.The influence of intergenerational occupational inheritance(ie father-son cooperation)on the intergenerational income mobility of the middle class and the overall social class.The empirical analysis leads to the following conclusions:(1)The elasticity of children's intergenerational income in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas.The intergenerational income mobility in rural areas is relatively low,and their children are more likely to be affected by the income of their fathers.Compared with the overall social class and the middle class,the income of the middle class children is more likely to be affected by the father's income than that of the entire social classes;(2)In middle class,if children have samejob with his father,then the occupation will become the carrier of income and the elasticity will increasing between the two generations.In other words,the soaring of the occupational succession index between generations has reduced the intergenerational income mobility and further contributed to the generational income gap.When the occupational mobility of generations is low,not only the occupational class tends to solidify,but also the income gap between the offspring is further enlarged.Chapter ?:International perspectives:Experiences and lessons learned from the coordination of urban and rural development,the formation of the middle class,and the mature development of developed countries,developing countries,and transition countries have drawn important lessons for the development of the middle class in China.Chapter ?:Conclusions and recommendations.This chapter systematically summarizes the conclusions of the empirical studies in Chapters III,IV and V,and the policy recommendations are based on the conclusion.The considerations of "personalized transactions" and "limited access order" in institutional economics,and based on the perspective of intergenerational mobility,put forward the following suggestions:increase the supervision of public power,eliminate the urban-rural dual structure,and gradually cancel the household registration system,Gradually realize the transition to "open access order";establish a fair legal system,improve the social security system,provide a good environment for "personalization";guide education to play a role in promoting social mobility;and open up employment channels for all walks of life. |
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